Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : J

J2ME An abbreviation for Java 2 Micro Edition.

Jamo A letter of hangul script. Jamo are assembled into syllables, called « Jamo syllables. »

Japanese Type 1 font Actually, a misnomer. A Japanese Type 1 font is a composite font whose components are all Type 1 fonts or Type 1 font data.

Java A compiled high level computer language similar in syntax to C and C++. A program is first coded in Java, then compiled, and the resulting « byte code » can be run on any platform having a Java byte code interpreter. Currently, the most common way to do this is by writing a « plug-in » using Java for a Web browser utility (such as CyberDog, HotJava, Internet Explorer, Mosaic, Navigator, Opera, etc.). Java applets are also intended to work with thin clients (or network computers).

Java has the theoretical capability of regenerating resource files of an operating system, which means that an operating system, such as Windows, can be modified (either permanently or temporarily) using Java. For example, in Microsoft Windows, the .DLL (Dynamic Link Library) files can be replaced using Java.

Java was originated and developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.

Java support (by means of a Java Virtual Machine or JVM) was included with all versions of Microsoft Windows starting with Win95 and with versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x, 4.x, and 5.x until, in mid-2001, Microsoft announced that a JVM would no longer be included starting with WindowsXP and with Internet Explorer 6.x and higher. But in addition, Microsoft Office XP has instituted « security measures » which will prevent users from accessing Java applets. The « security measures » identify Java code as a source of malicious activity. These actions by Microsoft are no surprise, since Java has been the single biggest threat thus far to the Microsoft operating system monopoly. However, to some extent, these actions were also influenced by the lawsuit filed by Sun Microsystems against Microsoft for unauthorized tampering with the JVM being supplied. The lawsuit settlement involved limiting the JVM made available by Microsoft for downloading to version 1.1.4, while the latest Sun version is higher. Java support with Windows XP (and higher) and Internet Explorer 6.x and higher can only be achieved by downloading a JVM for Windows and a plug-in for Internet Explorer and then installing them.

Java-based technology A computer language or software development environment similar to or consistent with Java, such as Java Beans, JavaScript, and JScript.

JavaBean A public Java class that does not provide access to public fields. For information on class and public fields, consult a book on Java programming.

JavaOS An operating system based entirely on Java, jointly developed by IBM and Sun Microsystems Inc. The first commercial product to use JavaOS was Sun's JavaStation.

JavaScript A Java-based technology with analogous syntax to and a subset of the capability of Java, except that the code is not compiled, but interpreted directly from a separate file or a patch of code in HTML. The tradeoff from using JavaScript instead of Java may be slower performance (due to no opportunity for compiler optimization of instructions) and a loss of some features, such as network data handling. Java applets take longer to load during the download process than equivalent JavaScript code. However, for simple tasks, JavaScript is much faster because the script text is usually downloaded with the page text and executed on the client.

Although JavaScript was sanctioned by the W3C and a standard version was developed, called ECMAScript-262, implementations are not identical in each browser. For instance, in Microsoft browsers, implementation of JavaScript is not as complete as in Netscape browsers, and some of the JavaScript objects are not accessible. The missing object attributes, however, are available through ActiveX, formerly known as Object Linking and Embedding (OLE). ActiveX originally was positioned as competing with JavaScript by Microsoft; but currently, ActiveX is now interfaced with JavaScript.

Java Server Page A protocall for sending server pages or constructing servelets using Java.

Java 2 The new name given to Java by Sun Microsystems, Inc. (Java's originator and developer) starting with the Java Development Kit 1.2 and the next generation of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

.JBG or .JBIG file An acronym for Joint Bi-Level Imaging Experts Group. A non-lossy, compressed bitmap format for bitonal graphics and grayscale graphic images, developed in 1993. It is considered by some to being superior for monochrome images to CCITT Group III (analog facimile format), CCITT Group IV (digital facimile format), or JPEG format. JBIG format also supports progressive decompression, like GIF89a.

The main disadvantage of JBIG is the lack of storage and transmission standards.

JDBC An abbreviation for Java Database Connectivity Products. A standard SQL-access interface similar to Microsoft ODBC. It allows the database connection software to be downloaded over the network at runtime, whereas the Microsoft architecture requires software to be installed and configured on the client in advance of logon.

JECF An acronym for Java Electronic Commerce Framework. An architecture for handling all aspects of electronic commerce based on Java.

JEPI An acronym for Joint Electronic Payment Initiative project. An extension to HTTP to allow selection of existing credit card payment systems within the Internet transaction environment.

JHTML A hybrid markup language of HTML which includes embedded Java code callable using <JAVA> tags. Files with JHTML have the extension of .JHTML, .JHT, or .JHL .

Jini A Java-based technology for connecting appliances and other devices with software applications or servelets together in a network environment.

Jini is complementary to Bluetooth, which can enable local wireless network connections.

JIS An acronym for Japanese Industrial Standard.

JISC An acronym for Japanese Industrial Standards Committee.

JIS character set A character set sanctioned under the Japanese Industrial Standards and which includes Roman, basic Cyrillic, basic Greek, hiragana, kanji, and katakana alphabets or collections. Several revisions have been developed over the years. JIS character sets are represented by mixed encodings.

JIS-Roman The Japanese equivalent of the ASCII character set.

JIT or JIT compiler An acronym for Just In Time compiler. An incremental Java compiler run by a Web browser when a Java applet embedded in a Web page is processed.

job definition format or JDF An XML-based digital workflow job production control framework for print production conceived by Adobe, Agfa, Heidelberg, and MAN Roland.

joint See node.

Joint Electronic Payment Initiative project See JEPI.

JPEG, .JPG file, .JPEG file An acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group of the ISO/IEC. A bitmap format developed in 1991 for transmission of graphic images. JPEG offers several options of image quality, each of which selects a different color palette, data representation, and compression option. The compression schemes include both lossy and lossless schemes.

JPEG 2000 An acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group of the ISO/IEC new millenium (2000) image format. A multiresolution image file format containing a hierarchical set of images at various resolutions, the highest resolution image having a non-lossy wavelet compression scheme. ICC color profiles can also be attached to the image file. There are two levels of representation in the standard, one not requiring that an ICC profile be incorporated (designated by a .JPX file extension) and one requiring the the use of an ICC profile (designated by a .JP2 extension).

.JPX A file extension for a JPEG 2000 image file.

.JP2 A file extension for a JPEG 2000 image file.

JSML An abbreviation for Java Speech Markup Language, a markup language used to describe input, using text, to Java Speech speech synthesizers. JSML can specify and control phrasing, pitch, pronunciation, speaking rate, and other parameters and characteristics needed for production of synthetic speech.

JSP An abbreviation for Java Server Page. A page written in HTML or XML transmitted by a server using Java.

jukebox A device which stores data disks (CD-ROM, optical, magnetic) in slots and is equipped with a mechanism which can mechanically retrieve and then read a specific disk. Usually, this terminology is reserved for devices which can handle more than 10 disks.

jumbo font (jargon) A colloquial term for an OpenType font having both PostScript CFF glyph outline data and TrueType glyph outline data.

junk font (jargon) See grunge font.

justification The process of adjusting individual lines of body text so that they all line up along both left and right margins; that is, they start exactly at the left margin and end exactly at the right margin. Justification can be considered to be either logical (using a programmed computer algorithm) or manual. See also « forced justification. »
justification illustration

A justification algorithm should process text paragraph-by-paragraph to perform best, not line-by-line. The traditional digital era typesetting software did just this; but few, if any, desktop publishing page layout programs accomplish this today.

JVM An abbreviation for Java Virtual Machine. The software and interface which presents to Java code a uniform, cross-platform environment for which to process Java software on any hardware platform which contains an implementation.

A JVM was included with all versions of Windows starting with Win95 until, in mid-2001, Microsoft announced that a JVM would no longer be included starting with WindowsXP. This is no surprise, since Java has been the single biggest threat thus far to the Microsoft operating system monopoly.

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