IA An abbreviation for Intelligent Agent.
(another definition follows)
IA An abbreviation for Internet Appliance.
IAB An abbreviation for the Internet Activities Board. The standards group which is responsible for architecting the design and protocalls of the Internet.
IAHC An abbreviation for the International Ad Hoc Committee. A coalition of Internet governing bodies which determined, among other items, categories for domain names up through November 1998. Responsibility for top level domain name categories was assigned to ICANN as of November 1998.
IANA An acronym for Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. An agency that assigns data identification tags for use in Internet software.
IBM Font Class Parameters A font classification system which is partly similar to the ISO/IEC/9541-1 Annex A font classification system with some differences. The most notable differences are that: some subclasses are added to account for rendering formats (i.e., outline vs. bitmap vs. dot matrix versions of a typeface design); some subclasses are further separated; some subclasses are combined; some classes are absent; and some class definitions are inconsistent. These differences may have arisen because the IBM system was designed to classify only fonts that IBM supplies in its business in an adequate manner; as opposed to a classification scheme robust enough for general usage. The IBM system is divided into levels: class and subclass.
Class ID Subclass ID ISO Category
0 No Classification
1 Oldstyle Serifs
0 No Classifcation (none)
1 IBM Rounded Legibility 4.5.1
2 Garalde 4.1.2
3 Venetian 4.1.1
4 Modified Venetian 4.2.2
5 Dutch Modern 4.1.3
6 Dutch Traditional 4.5.1
7 Contemporary 4.4.2 or 4.4.3
8 Calligraphic 4.4.1 or 6.2.6
9-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
2 Transitional Serifs
0 No Classification (none)
1 Direct Line 4.2.1
2 Script 4.2.1
3-14 reserved for future use 4.2.2
15 Miscellaneous (none)
3 Modern Serifs
0 No Classification (none)
1 Italian 4.3.1
2 Script 4.3.1
3-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous 4.3.2
4 Clarendon Serifs
0 No Classification (none)
1 Clarendon 4.6.2
2 Modern 4.6.2
3 Traditional 4.6.2
4 Newspaper 4.6.2
5 Stub Serif 4.6.4
6 Monotone 4.6.1
7 Typewriter 4.6.6
8-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
5 Slab Serifs
0 No Classification (none)
1 Monotone 4.6.1
2 Humanist 4.6.1
3 Geometric 4.6.1
4 Swiss 4.6.1
5 Typewriter 4.6.1
6-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
6 reserved for future use
7 Freeform Serifs
0 No Classification (none)
1 Modern (none)
2-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
8 Sans Serif
0 No Classification (none)
1 IBM Neo-grotesque Gothic 5.1.2
2 Humanist 5.2.1 or 5.2.2
3 Low-x Round Geometry 5.5.1
4 High-x Round Round Geometry 5.5.1
5 Neo-grotesque Gothic 5.1.2
6 Modified Neo-grotesque Gothic 5.1.2
7-8 reserved for future use (none)
9 Typewriter Gothic 5.1.3
10 Matrix (none)
11-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
9 Ornamentals
0 No Classification (none)
1 Engraver 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 4.8.1, or 4.8.2
2 Black Letter 3.1.1 to 3.1.4, 3.2.1 to 3.2.4, 3.3.1 to 3.3.4, or 3.4.1 to 3.4.4
3 Decorative 7.3.1 or 7.3.2
4 Three Dimensional 7.4.1 or 7.4.2
5-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
10 Scripts
0 No Classification (none)
1 Uncial 1.1.1 or 1.1.2
2 Brush Joined 6.1.2
3 Formal Joined 6.1.1
4 Monotone Joined 6.1.3
5 Calligraphic 6.2.6
6 Brush Unjoined 6.2.4
7 Formal Unjoined 6.2.1
8 Monotone Unjoined 6.2.3
9-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
11 reserved for future use
12 Symbolic
0 No Classification (none)
1-2 reserved for future use (none)
3 Mixed Serif 8.0.0
4-5 reserved for future use (none)
6 Oldstyle Serif (none)
7 Neo-grotesque Sans Serif (none)
8-14 reserved for future use (none)
15 Miscellaneous (none)
13 Reserved
14 Reserved
ICANN An acronym for Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. A council appointed by the U.S. Department of Commerce in November 1998 to oversee Internet rule and administrate responsibility for operation of root Internet servers, including the assignment of top level domain name categories. See Domain Name System, top level domain name, and top level domain name categories.
ICC or ICC profile An abbreviation for International Color Consortium. A specification for device color characterization profiles for monitors, scanners, and color printers. A specification is contained in a file whose extension is .ICC .
ICE An acronym for Information and Content Exchange. A standard protocall based on XML for syndication of advertising, merchandising, and sales transactions. Content written consistent with ICE could then be handled by any ICE-compliant syndication software.
.ICO file See bitmap formats.
icon A graphic image visible in a graphical user interface indicating the presence of an operating system service or working program. A cursor, positioned over or near an icon can be used to activate the service or program.
A completely non-technical (but appropriate) definition of icons, attributed to architectural and design curator Aaron Betsky of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is: « magnets of meaning onto which we can project our memories, our hopes and our sense of self. »
ICR An abbreviation for Intelligent Character Recognition.
ideogram See ideograph.
ideograph A glyph which represents an idea, object, phrase, or word, rather than a phonetic component of a word. Among the scripts which utilize true ideographs are Aymara, Chinese, Egyptian hieroglyphic (partially), Japanese, Naxi, and Tungut.
IEC An abbreviation for International Electrotechnical Commission. An entity set up for the purpose of developing worldwide technical standization in specific fields.
IEEE 802.11b :A wireless LAN standard using the 2.4GHz band useful for local wireless communication between laptop computers, PDA's, cell phones, printers, and other devices. The range for fastest communication is about 400 feet (120 meters). Competing technology includes Bluetooth.
.IET file A Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x-proprietary font format file which can be downloaded by Explorer and specified in HTML. It is one of the so-called « Web font » formats.
IETF An abbreviation for Internet Engineering Task Force. A committee which evaluates proposed standards and technology for the World Wide Web Consortium.
.IFF file See bitmap formats.
Igbo A West African language, written using the Latin script, and spoken in Eastern Nigeria.
.ILB file See bitmap formats.
imagesetter An output device using PostScript which images on monochrome photographic paper and film.
IME See input method editor.
.IMG file See bitmap formats.
Imitation Uncial See uncial.
imposition A term used to denote the combining (imposing) of separate page images usually onto a single medium (film or plate). This process is usually done to save money (more efficient use of film) and/or save time (quicker job processing or pages can be printed simultaneously in a press run). After imposition, a film may be further cut up for making into separate plates or if jobs for various customers were combined. Imposition can be done manually ( « stripping » ), or it can be done electronically by imposition software. Imposition software usually reads individual (PDF, PostScript, TIFF) print files and imposes the pages described in each job onto a single page, as many as will fit, or arbitrarily as specified by input. A new PostScript print file is assembled, and then processed by a RIP or imagesetter. Some output device systems can perform the imposition without separate imposition software.
ImPRESS One of the first commercially available page description languages, developed by Imagen Corporation, and supported by TeX and AutoCAD.
inclined A typeface style produced by skewing or inclining an upright serifed typeface design. (The term obliqued is usually used for a sans-serif typeface design.) Skewing a font is a feature available on most operating systems if the chosen font does not have a true italic in the same family at the same weight. (This feature is employed usually by simply choosing Italic under the font menu.)
Skewing a serifed or decorative typeface usually should be avoided, because the type color of the design is oftentimes worsened. More insidiously, certain topology-related characteristics of the glyph outlines (such as anchor points, orthonormal points, natural boundary conditions, and Fourier spectrum) oftentimes are ruined or rendered useless. What this means to end user designers is that if skewed glyphs are imported into graphic programs with the intent of envelope shaping them, the results may be poor.
imposetter The nickname given to an imagesetter which has imposition capability built-in.
inferior character A smaller character set near the baseline. Inferior characters are commonly used in chemical formulas. Also known as a subscript or subscripted character.
Infinifont A lossy outline font representation format and font generation engine used by Hewlett-Packard in conjunction with PCL6 to store and regenerate internal outline fonts. The format is based partly on a font description concept similar to Panose classification, but opposite in function. The Panose scheme is used to classify fonts in any format, whereas Infinifont uses design parameters related to Panose parameters to reconstruct character glyph outlines for a specific typeface design. The font generating engine is based on a generic glyph database, a set of Panose parameters, character glyph metric data, and optional additional specific glyph shape exception overrides. Since the architecture can represent fonts more compactly than using conventional font formats, it can be construed as a « font compression » scheme, although it may not construct a font which represents a specific typeface design accurately unless a significant amount of shape exception overrides are included. Therefore, a discretionary tradeoff of compression vs. accuracy can be chosen for a given font representation.
Informal A cursive typeface structural style whose letterforms are slightly unevenly positioned and slightly variable in size, so as to simulate informal handwriting.
Information Technology The art, science, and technology of information exchange and transmission.
initial form The form of a character glyph at the beginning of a word or text string.(Compare to isolate form, medial form, and final form.)
ink jet or inkjet A printing technology originally invented by IBM where ink is squirted out of a nozzle at high pressure onto a medium. Ink jet printers are capable of a wide range of resolutions (100 to well over 3000 dpi) and in both monochrome and color.
The ink jet printer was first widely and successfully commercialized by Iris, which produced expensive (~ US$50 000) high resolution printers used in proofing and making art prints. In the 90's, the cost of ink jet printers sold by Hewlett-Packard, Epson, and Lexmark was brought down drastically to commodity pricing (found to be as low as US$30 in a RiteAid drug store) due to mass production and the desire to make money using a new product that the general public was not able to purchase previously and in a new manner. The ink jet printer became a sacred cash cow to companies when they realized that they could make a large amount of money by selling the actual printer cheaply but selling the consumable supplies for it (paper and ink) at relatively high prices. This included not selling the cyan, magenta and yellow inks separately. This price positioning continued to the point where the overall cost-of-ownership of a commodity ink jet printer became (and still is) higher than a 600 dpi color laser printer, and with higher environmental noise levels and resulting printed material which is not waterproof.
inline Refers to lines interior to the outermost character outline of a typeface design. A typeface structural style having letterforms composed of solid or outlined strokes with interior lines following the shapes. Strictly speaking, if the interior lines depict a phenomenon or simulation (stacking, shadowing, inscription, etc.) they are not considered an inline. Two sub-categories have been defined:
:Sans Serif - Without serifs. Typeface examples include: Alpha Twilight, Astoria, Comstock, Gallia, Helvetica Contour (shown), Neuland Inline, Optex.
:Serif - Having serifs. Typeface examples include Bodoni Open and DeRoos Inline.
inline annotation A string of text set as a paragraph and at half the pointsize of the regular text.
input method In linguistics, this usually refers to schemes, patterns, algorithms, and sets of rules or procedures used to specify a character from a keyboard, usually when the character comes from a multibyte font. Originally, this was reserved for ideographs from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean scripts. However, there is now pressure to extend these techniques to other languages and scripts which may require usage of much greater than a few hundred characters.
input method editor A software utility interfacing the keyboard and keyboard driver with the host operating system, and which provides schemes, patterns, and algorithms ( «: input methods » ) which permit the limited number of keys on a keyboard to address a large number of characters. Theoretically, an IME can reference an infinite number of characters; but doing so might be so unwieldly as to be unmanageable for a human, unless a person-machine interface is carefully designed.
Input method editors are most often used to address CJK character sets in conjunction with multibyte fonts, and are usually included with operating systems which support CJK. An example of this is koteri. An example of input methods would be KUTEN and two-stroke. Third-party utilities are also available which can serve as IME's. IME's are underutilized for accessing non-CJK character sets from 1-byte fonts, a capability that would be useful for Arabic, Cyrillic, polytonal Greek, and some Roman-based and hybrid alphabets for African, American Indian, and Eastern European languages.
Inscriptional A typeface style whose letterform designs have the appearance of letterforms cut in stone. The following sub-categories have been defined:
Solid - Having solid stems and strokes:
:Sans Serif - Without serifs. Typeface examples include: Florentine, Lithos, Los.
:Serif - Having serifs. Typeface examples include Augustea Nova, Charlemagne, Michelangelo Titling, Rusticana Roman, Trajan.
Inline - Having letterforms composed of solid or outlined strokes with interior lines following the shapes.
:Sans Serif - Without serifs.
:Serif - Having serifs. Typeface examples include Augustea Inline, Castellar, Hadriano Stonecut.
Outline - Having letterforms composed of outlined strokes rather than solid strokes.
:Sans Serif - Without serifs.
:Serif - Having serifs. Typeface examples include Columna Open and Linea.
instance A term denoting a specific chosen installed configuration of a device or system software resource which can be selected for use. See font instance or output device instance.
instantiation A general term denoting the generation of an instance.
instructing A Microsoft term for hinting.
intaglio An image engraved into a medium below its surface.
Intellifont An outline (scalable) font format originated by Agfa Compugraphic and used in conjunction with HPGL and PCL printer description languages in Hewlett-Packard output devices.
intelligent agent A software utility or dedicated system which performs a series of sometimes vastly different tasks necessary to carry out a user goal, sometimes requiring some form of artifical intelligence capability. An example of a task for an intelligent agent would be to search for a file (located anywhere on an intranet or the Internet) containing information on a certain topic. Intelligent agents are more often implemented on a server rather than a client system.
The following types of intelligent agents have been found to be useful: system agents (system-level tasks and problem-resolutions); functional units (global grouping and organization of other participating intelligent agents); application agents (specific services for clients); and interface agents (services between external users and application agents).
Intelligent agents are typically capable of the following actions:
~send and receive information from other intelligent agents;
~perform inferencing, synthesis, and analysis for the generation of goals and plans for itself and other intelligent agents;
~resolve incomplete, inconsistent, and uncertain information (belief revision);
~dynamic task modification using communication, inferencing, learning, negotiation, and planning;
~assume roles and execute physical actions with other intelligent agents;
~implement complex interactions between intelligent agents using KQML;
~dynamically join or leave organizations of intelligent agents;
~reconfigure its own internal architecture; and
~identify its reasoning for its actions.
Intelligent agents have also been utilized as an essential function in personal computer software and hardware products designed for challenged users, such as the SuperBraille(tm), a laptop personal computer manufactured by Advanced Access Devices in 1999; and two software products: JAWS for Windows (Freedom Scientific), and Window-Eyes (GW Micro Inc.). These intelligent agents consist of a screen reader, which reads on-screen text or software menus and presents the information to the Braille display or produces computer-generated speech.
Intelligent Character Recognition A software technology which can decipher and decode handwriting, hand printing, and cursive writing. This is achieved using artificial intelligence techniques. The precursor technology to ICR was OCR, or Optical Character Recognition.
intentional specification (ideosyncratic)Document formatting information related to content or organizational style. See also extensional specification.
interfont kerning See interfont pair kerning.
interfont pair kerning A feature where pair kerning can be automatically applied between two glyphs, adjacent in text, obtained from different fonts. There have been at least three mechanisms, all proprietary, designed to achieve this. Actual implementation of interfont pair kerning can be achieved using predetermined data, by an artificial intelligence expert system, or by property algorithms.
Applications for this capability include:
(1) The expansion of a character collection which could then span more than one font (multilingualization applications).
(2) Typographic fine-tuning for headings or layout designed using multiple typeface fonts.
Interix An operating system interface developed by Softway Systems Inc. which integrates Unix components (including X-Windows and Unix shells) into Windows NT. It allows Linux or Unix applications to run within the Windows NT environment.
interlaced image format An image format which loads only a portion of its pixels first, then adds additional pixels progressively. The purpose is to provide some sort of image as soon as possible in a downloading process. The JPEG bitmap format supports interlacing. Also known as « progressive JPEG, » « progressive image, » or « progressive rendering. »
Interleaf A complex document word processor developed by Interleaf Corporation.
interlinear annotation A text string inserted between existing lines of text which serves a function, like pronounciation, which does not add informational content. An example of interlinear annotation is ruby characters in Japanese.
internationalization The modification or design of software so that it can be understandably used world-wide in different languages, countries, or cultures. An alternate definition of internationalization is the process of designing a product so that it can be easily localized.
There are two methods of achieving this: by locale model (older and poorer), and by multilingualization (newer and better). Internationalization must be accomplished on the application software, system resource (e.g. font), and operating system levels.
Internet The Internet evolved from the ARPAnet, an international computer data network originally set up in 1968 by U.S. Government agencies and laboratories, along with some universities (Adavnced Research Project Agency, Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Defense Nuclear Agency, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, University of California, and the University of Illinois). It was set up to implement easier interchange of massive amounts of scientific data for defense communications, nuclear energy research, and physics research. In 1972, under the auspices of Stanford University, development and testing of TCP/IP protocall on ARPAnet began, thus birthing the Internet in the form that exists today. The ARPAnet and its successor, the Internet, was also used by U of I as a component of the large scale parallel-processing supercomputers under development there. The finalized TCP/IP protocall, backward-compatible with what is in use today, was put into operation on the Internet in 1977.
The ARPAnet was maintained using dedicated lines shared between the institutions mentioned above, with nodes where dial-in access could be obtained. When the Internet protocall was set up, commercial communication networks (notably of MCI) were also linked.
Two factors have fueled the usage growth of the Internet at this time: the capability of public domain access to information and the potential for its use in profiteering.
An « official » definition of the Internet by the Federal Networking Council is:
the global information system that --
(1) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;
(2) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
(3) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure describe herein.
Internet Activities Board The standards group which is responsible for architecting the design and protocalls of the Internet.
Internet appliance An appliance which connects to the Internet.
Internet Guide Award An award bestowed to Internet Websites selected by Encyclopædia Britannica for best sites « when reviewed for quality, accuracy of content, presentation and usability. » The Encyclopædia of Typography and Electronic Communication received this award.
Internet Explorer or IE The name of the most widely-used Web browser, developed by Microsoft Corp. It is available for free from Microsoft's Website. It was also the core subject of a U.S. Dept. of Justice antitrust law suite against Microsoft in 1997, with a later ruling on June 8, 2000 by District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson on a related antitrust lawsuit filed by USDOJ and 19 states against Microsoft.
One of the key issues of the lawsuite was whether IE was an integral part of Windows9x or whether it was a separate installable and uninstallable application.
An interesting characteristic of this browser, starting with version 4.x, is that it is difficult to keep more than one version of it installed simultaneously. This is because various resource files of one version replace identically-named resource files of another, as well as identically-named files of Windows. This implicitly indicates that it becomes integrated with the operating system when installed; and it is impossible to achieve a round-trip deinstallation without taking special precautions.
Internet Service Provider An organization which provides Internet service to an end-user.
Internet2 A newer, higher-speed version of the Internet, put in place for the needs of academia and scientific research, and is non-commercial. The Internet2 was developed by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development, a group representing 130 universities, government agencies, and corporations. The Internet2 cannot be accessed from the Internet at this time.
interpolated resolution An image resolution produced by a input/output device (such as a scanner, video raster screen, or laser printer) which is higher than the device's inherent addressable resolution. This is usually achieved by interpolation of the image bitmap data at the device's addressable resolution. Another method of increasing resolution is resolution enhancement.
Interpress A page description language developed by Xerox Corporation, and a precursor to PostScript.
interpreter A computer program which processes programming instructions in a specific computer language, one line at a time, and takes an action. The action might be to produce a series of binary machine instructions which can be directly carried out by an operating system; or output a graphical result, either on-screen or on a display medium (paper, film, printing press plate, etc.). An example of the former would be an APL, Basic, incremental Fortran, Perl, or Python interpreter. An example of the latter would be a PostScript or TrueType interpreter.
Intertype or Intertype machine A typesetting machine made by the Intertype Company which operates on similar principles to the Linotype machine.
intranet A computer network localized to a single organization.
IP or Internet Protocall The communication protocall used for connecting to and communicating with the Internet.
IPMP An abbreviation for International Property Management and Protection. An international standard being developed by the ISO Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) to implement Digital Rights Management (DRM) for audio/video software.
IPA An abbreviation for International Phonetic Association or International Phonetic Alpahbet.
IPA phonetic alphabet An alphabet sponsored by the International Phonetic Association and used in the study of phonetics and as a printed guide to pronunciation. The alphabet is composed of mostly Latin (Roman) characters, but including a few characters based on Greek, along with some specifically IPA characters such as 'open o', 'schwa', and 'eng'. Each character symbolizes the position of a person's guttural organs and can therefore describe the sound of words in any language. All Production First Software Typographic International Ultrafonts and many Production First Software single-byte fonts allow at least all Roman and Unicode-supported IPA characters of the IPA alphabet to be typeset. Additional IPA characters not encoded in Unicode are available in the Production First Software « Special » block or in UCS-4 fonts.
IPOC An acronym for Interim Policy Oversight Committee. A group affiliated with the Internet Society (one of the international groups involved with Internet management).
IPv4 An abbreviation for Internet Protocall version 4. The version of Internet Protocall used through the late 90's with limited wireless support.
IPv6 The generation of Internet Protocall after IPv4 and having improved wireless support.
ISCII An acronym for Indic Standard Code for Information Interchange, IS 13194 (1991). An encoding standard for Indic scripts. It is also used (incorrectly) to designate Iranian Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ISBN An abbreviation for International Standard Book Number. A reference number assigned to every published book.
ISDN An abbreviation for Integrated Services Digital Network. A higher speed communications protocall for transmitting digital information over metal wire phone lines than POTS (Plain Ordinary Telephone Service) lines. It is capable of 115,000 baud rate transmission speed. In the United States, an ISDN line costs approximately 3 times the cost of a POTS line monthly.
ISO Abbreviation for International Standardization Organization (actually, International Organization for Standardization).
ISO character sets See ISO Latin...
ISO 639 Code for the Representation of Names of Languages. 94 languages listed with two letter lower case codes. The registration authority for ISO 639 is Infoterm, Osterreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON), Postfach 130, A-1021 Vienna, Austria.
ISO 646 Identical to the ASCII character set.
ISO 2022 ISO standard for switching between 7-bit and 8-bit character sets and encodings by using Escape, Shift-Out, Shift-In, and other control codes.
ISO 4873 ISO standard for representing 8-bit character sets and encodings using shift implementation strategies.
ISO 6429 ISO standard which defines 163 text control functions, including the control characters used in ASCII, ANSI, and ISO 8859 encodings.
ISO 6937 ISO standard extending ISO 646 with additional base characters and diacritical marks to handle european languages using the Roman alphabet. X.400 message handling systems and X.500 directory services are designed to use a character set based on this encoding.
ISO 8859 See ISO Latin-1 to ISO Latin-4 and ISO Latin-5 to ISO Latin-10.
ISO Latin-1 to ISO Latin-4 and ISO Latin-5 to ISO Latin-10 Character sets for various groups of languages of the Latin script using the Roman-based alphabet as defined by the ISO (ISO 8859 parts 1 to 4 and parts 9 to 16). The languages of various scripts are covered by ISO 8859 according to the following table:
ISO 8859 ISO script Language Designation
Part (* ~ partial support; primary language character set in bold)
1 Latin-1 Africaans, Albanian, Basque*, Breton, Catalan,
Cornish, Danish, Dutch*, English, Faroese,
Finnish*, French*, Frisian, Galician, German,
Greenlandic, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish Gaelic*,
Italian, Latin*, Luxemburgish, Malay, Norwegian,
Portugese*, Provençal, Rhaeto-Romanic,
Romansch, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Swahili,
Swedish, Tagalog
2 Latin-2 Albanian, Croatian, Czech, English, German,
Hungarian, Latin*, Polish, Romany, Slovak,
Slovenian, Sorbian
3 Latin-3 English, Esperanto, French*, Maltese, Portugese,
4 Latin-4 Danish, English, Estonian, Finnish, German,
Greenlandic, Latin*, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian,
Sámi, Skolt Sámi*, Sloveian, Swedish
5 Latin/Cyrillic Bulgarian, Byelorussian, English, Macedonian,
Moldavian*, Russian, Serbian, Ukranian
6 Latin/Arabic Arabic, English, Persian*, Urdu*
7 Latin/Greek English, Monotonal Greek
8 Latin/Hebrew English, Hebrew, Ladino, Yiddish
9 Latin-5 Albanian, Basque*, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Danish,
Dutch*, English, Finnish*, French*, Frisian, Galician,
German, Greenlandic, Irish Gaelic*, Italian, Latin*,
Luxenburgish, Norwegian, Portugese, Rhaeto-Romanic,
Scottish Gaelic, Sámi, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish
10 Latin-6 Danish, English, Finnish*, German, Greenlandic,
Icelandic, Irish Gaelic*, Latin*, Lithuanian, Norwegian,
Sámi, Slovenian, Swedish
11 Latin/Thai English, Thai
12 (unused) (unused)
13 Latin-7 English, Estonian, Finnish, Latin*, Latvian, Lithuanian,
Norwegian, Polish
14 Latin-8 Albanian, Basque*, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Danish,
English, Finnish*, French*, Galician, German,
Greenlandic, Irish Gaelic*, Irish Gaelic (old)*,
Italian, Latin*, Luxenburgish, Manx Gaelic*, Norwegian,
Portugese, Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish Gaelic, Sámi,
Spanish, Swedish, Welsh
15 Latin-9 Albanian, Basque*, Breton, Catalan, Danish, English,
Estonian, Faroese, Finnish*, French, Frisian, Galician,
German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic*, Italian,
Latin*, Luxenburgish, Norwegian, Portugese, Rhaeto-Romanic,
Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish
16 Latin-10 Albanian, Croatian, English, Finnish*, German, Hungarian,
Irish Gaelic*, Italian, Latin*, Polish, Romanian,
Romany, Slovenian
They are designed for use with standard computer keyboards with access to 92 keyboard character locations. Other character sets defined by the ISO are the ISO/DIS/10585 (Armenian), and ISO/IEC/10646 (of which Unicode is a subset). In addition, there are « variants » of the ISO 8859 parts described above for Latin script languages such as Irish Gaelic and Romani. ISO Latin-1 to ISO Latin-4 and ISO Latin-5 to ISO Latin-10 are character subsets of the more extensive Language Group character subsets defined for Production First Software fonts.
ISO Latin-1 is currently the official character set for HTML (and, therefore, for Internet work). Conforming applications (such as Web browsers) support ISOLatin-1 on their own platform. This has two typographic ramifications:
(1) When a Web document is created, it is important that characters be specified by name (rather than by character code). Failure to do so causes certain characters not to display properly if the document was created on one platform and displayed on another.
(2) Certain commonly-used characters (such as true apostrophe, trademark symbol, opening and closing double typographic quotes, opening and closing single quotes, baseline [European] quotes, dagger, double dagger, bullet, emdash, endash, fraction slash, fi ligature, and fl ligature) cannot be accessed because they are not officially part of the ISOLatin-1 character set, even though some of them are supported under Macintosh System 6/7 and Microsoft Windows.
These ramifications are mainly due to the failure of the HTML specification. For, if the entire SGML character name specification were supported in HTML, these particular aforementioned characters would be supported, along with others, independent of them being outside the ISOLatin-1 character set.
ISO 8879 The SGML character set standard.
ISO/DIS/8957 Encoding standard for Hebrew script.
ISO 9036 ISO standard for a basic 7-bit Arabic encoding and character set.
ISO/IEC/9541 Font Resource Management standard.
ISO/IEC/9541-1 Annex A The Typeface Design Grouping of the Font Resource Management standard. The Design Groups defined in this standard are listed below.
1.0.0 Uncials Class
1.1.0 Single Alphabet Subclass
1.1.1 Sans Serif
1.1.2 Serif
1.2.0 Duplex Alphabet Subclass
1.2.1 Sans Serif
1.2.2 Serif
2.0.0 Inscriptionals Class
2.1.0 Solids Subclass
2.1.1 Sans Serif
2.1.2 Serif
2.2.0 Inlines Subclass
2.2.1 Sans Serif
2.2.2 Serif
2.3.0 Outlines Subclass
2.3.1 Sans Serif
2.3.2 Serif
3.0.0 Blackletters Class
3.1.0 Formal Style Subclass
3.1.1 Sans Serif
3.1.2 Serif
3.1.3 Sans Serif Engraved
3.1.4 Serif Engraved
3.2.0 Round Style Subclass
3.2.1 Sans Serif
3.2.2 Serif
3.2.3 Sans Serif Engraved
3.2.4 Serif Engraved
3.3.0 Hybrid Style Subclass
3.3.1 Sans Serif
3.3.2 Serif
3.3.3 Sans Serif Engraved
3.3.4 Serif Engraved
3.4.0 Informal Style Subclass
3.4.1 Sans Serif
3.4.2 Serif
3.4.3 Sans Serif Engraved
3.4.4 Serif Engraved
4.0.0 Serifs Class
4.1.0 Old Style Subclass
4.1.1 Venetian
4.1.2 Garalde
4.1.3 Dutch-English
4.2.0 Transitional Subclass
4.2.1 Direct Line
4.2.2 Modified
4.3.0 Modern Subclass
4.3.1 Continental
4.3.2 Fat Face
4.4.0 Contemporary Subclass
4.4.1 Eclectic
4.4.2 Fine Serif
4.4.3 Lettering
4.5.0 Legibility Subclass
4.5.1 Rounded (Traditional)
4.5.2 Super-elliptical (Square)
4.6.0 Square Serif Subclass
4.6.1 Monotone
4.6.2 Clarendon
4.6.3 French Clarendon
4.6.4 Short (Stub)
4.6.5 Typewriter
4.6.6 Dot Matrix
4.7.0 Latin Subclass
4.7.1 Solid
4.7.2 Inline
4.8.0 Engraving Subclass
4.8.1 Barbed Serif
4.8.2 Straight Serif (Fine)
4.9.0 Free Form Subclass
4.9.1 Solid
4.9.2 Outline
4.10.0 Computer Subclass
4.10.1 OCR
4.10.2 Digital
4.11.0 Miscellaneous (Serif) Subclass
4.12.0 Mincho Subclass
4.12.1 Old Style
4.12.2 New Style
4.12.3 Miscellaneous
5.0.0 Sans Serif Class
5.1.0 Gothic Subclass
5.1.1 Grotesque
5.1.2 Neo-grotesque
5.1.3 Typewriter
5.2.0 Humanist Subclass
5.2.1 Classical
5.2.2 Non-classical
5.2.3 Typewriter
5.3.0 Stress Variation Subclass
5.3.1 Broad Pen
5.3.2 Casual
5.3.3 Typewriter
5.4.0 Art Deco Subclass
5.4.1 Standard
5.4.2 Modified
5.4.3 Thin Line
5.5.0 Geometric Subclass
5.5.1 Round, Straight Stem Ends
5.5.2 Round, Rounded Stem Ends
5.5.3 Super-elliptical
5.5.4 Stylized
5.5.5 Typewriter
5.6.0 Computer Subclass
5.6.1 OCR
5.6.2 Digital
5.7.0 Free Form Subclass
5.7.1 Solid
5.7.2 Outline
5.8.0 Miscellaneous Subclass
6.0.0 Script Class
6.1.0 Joined Subclass
6.1.1 Formal
6.1.2 Informal
6.1.3 Monotone
6.2.0 Unjoined Subclass
6.2.1 Formal
6.2.2 Informal
6.2.3 Monotone
6.2.4 Brush
6.2.5 Cursive
6.2.6 Calligraphic
6.2.7 Ronde
6.3.0 Soft Brush Subclass (Japan)
6.3.1 Kaisho
6.3.2 Kyokasho
6.3.3 Gyosho
6.3.4 Sosho
6.3.5 Miscellaneous
6.4.0 Kana Subclass (Japan)
6.4.1 Old Style
6.4.2 New Style
6.5.0 Soucho Subclass (China/Japan)
7.0.0 Ornamentals
7.1.0 Inline Subclass
7.1.1 Sans Serif
7.1.2 Serif
7.2.0 Outline Subclass
7.2.1 Sans Serif
7.2.2 Serif
7.3.0 Decorative Subclass
7.3.1 Sans Serif
7.3.2 Serif
7.4.0 Three-dimensional Subclass
7.4.1 Sans Serif
7.4.2 Serif
7.5.0 Tuscan Subclass
7.5.1 (unspecified)
7.5.2 Serif
7.6.0 Stencil Subclass
7.6.1 Sans Serif
7.6.2 Serif
7.7.0 Reversed Subclass
7.7.1 Sans Serif
7.7.2 Serif
7.8.0 Engraved Subclass
7.8.1 Sans Serif
7.8.2 Serif
7.9.0 Miscellaneous Subclass
7.9.1 Sans Serif
7.9.2 Serif
8.0.0 Symbols and Ornaments Class
ISO 9995 Information Technology - Keyboard Layouts for Text and Office Systems
Part-1 : General principles governing keyboard layouts
Part-3 : Complementary layouts of the alphanumeric zone of the alphabetic section
Part-7 : Symbols used to represent functions
A functional scheme of specifying keyboard input methods for different scripts.
ISO 10367 ISO standard encompassing characters available from ISO 6937, ISO 8859 parts 1-9, and a box drawing set, using the multilevel shift standard of ISO 4873.
ISO 10538 ISO standard describing the use of ISO 6429 control codes.
ISO/DIS/10585 Encoding standard for Armenian script.
ISO/DIS/10586 Encoding standard for Georgian script.
ISO 10646 (ISO/IEC/10646.x) A 4-byte, 32-bit, font character set and encoding standard divided into 32,768 « planes, » each of which permits 65,536 characters (for a total of 2,147,483,648 characters). It was developed prior to Unicode, and Unicode currently is identical to the first plane, which is called the « Basic Multilingual Plane. » The higher planes will probably be used mostly for alphabets or scripts no longer in use or perhaps non-alphabetic symbols (architectural, scientific, etc.). Planes 1-14 will be used for characters assigned in the future. Planes 15 and 16 will be reserved as Private Use Zones. The remaining planes have not yet been reserved. See plane for a list of assigned planes.
ISO10646 consists of two forms: a full 4-byte 32-bit encoding with 128 groups of 256 planes of 65,536 characters, called UCS-4 (Universal Character Set, 4-byte); and a 2-byte 16 bit encoding of plane 0 (the first plane) identical to Unicode, called UCS-2 (Universal Character Set, 2-byte).
ISO/DIS/10754 Encoding standard for Extended Cyrillic script.
ISO/DIS/10822 Encoding standard for Extended Arabic script.
isolated form The form of a character glyph outside of or separate from a text string. (Compare to initial form, medial form, and final form.)
ISP An acronym for Internet Service Provider.
IT An acronym for Information Technology.
IT8 A color calibration target file which contains 264 colors and 24 shades of gray.
itaiji Kanji glyph variants.
italic Refers to typeface designs whose glyphs are specifically designed to slant to the right. The design of some letterforms differ markedly, depending on: the letterform, the alphabet being represented, and the orthography. One example of a difference would be the letter 'a' which may be two-story in an upright design, but usually is one-story in the corresponding italic design. For this reason, upright typeface designs which are « inclined » (a term applied to serif designs) or « obliqued » (a term applied to sans-serif designs) do not present the same as true italics.
Serifed typeface designs should not be obliqued. Sans-serif designs are often obliqued and are less commonly represented as true italics.
The italic was first originated by Teobaldo Mannuci (better known as Aldus Manutius) in Greek, circa 1500 AD. Aldus actively promoted Greek for conducting business and communication.
The early serifed italics were cursive-like in lower case, but just inclined roman capitals in upper case. While sans serif italics are usually just obliqued sans serif upright designs with no other design changes, a few sans serif true italics have been designed. These designs embody minor changes in letterform designs from the upright. In addition to the slight differences in the actual letterform glyph designs, the character widths and pair kerning might be altered from the values of the upright (to improve letterfit), whereas for obliqued designs they would not be.
italic angle See typeface angle.
ITC or International Typeface Corporation A preëminent type foundry and supplier, which was responsible for commissioning, marketing, and originating many famous and widely-used typefaces. In 2000, they were acquired by Agfa, a division of Bayer. In 1998, Monotype was acquired by Agfa. In the early 1990's, ITC filed suit against Monotype for stealing registered typeface names and duplicating widths of their copyrighted fonts.
ITV An abbreviation for Interactive TeleVision.
IVE An abbreviation for Instant Virtual Extranet. A protocall or Internet appliance which can provide access to a VPN from an Internet browser while still maintaining full security of the VPN access process.
IVIT An acronym for Intelligent Voice Interactive Technology. A software technology that permits interaction with a computer through voice commands instead of keystrokes.
IVR An abbreviation for Interactive Voice Response. This is a text-to-speech hardware/software system which can take Web page content and generate speech, and the reverse, over a telephone, while also incorporating interactive voice responses (one-way voice communication) using a phone keypad or by voice navigation (the replacement of using a keypad with 2-way voice responses). VoiceXML, designed to facilitate text-to-speech interaction, is the heart of an IVR system.
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