Footnotes

1Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, unabridged, Philip Cove et al, eds. (Springfield, Mass.: C. & C. Merriam Co., 1976), p. 2006.
2H. D. M. Spence and Joseph Exell, ads., The Pulpit Commentary (Rpt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), XVIII (Acts), 54.
3David Hesselgrave, Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), p. 106.
4Donald Bloesch, Essentials of Evangelical Theology (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1978), II, 250, quoting Benjamin Warfield, "Justification by Faith - Out of Date?," Present Truth, Vol. 4, no. 4 (August 1975), p. 9.
5Webster's, p. 816.
6"The Amplified Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1965), publisher's foreword.
7W. E. Vine, An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1940), p. 118.
8Ibid, p. 411.
9Ibid.
10Charles Erdman, The Epistle of Paul to the Romans (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1966), p. 77.
11Bloesch, I, 207.
12Ibid.
13Ibid, p. 224.
14William Evans, The Great Doctrines of the Bible (Chicago: Moody Press, 1974), p. 145.
15Bruce Demarest, "How to Know the Living God," Christianity Today, March 18, 1983, p. 40.
16Lewis Smedes, Union with Christ (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), p. 147.
17Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship, 2nd ed., R. H. Fuller, trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1959), p. 69. Emphasis in original.
18Vine, pp. 625-26.
19G. R. Beasley-Murray, Baptism is the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974), p. 272-74.
20W. H. Griffith Thomas, St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974), p. 279.
21F. F. Bruce, The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, Vol. VI of The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963), p. 205.
22Vine, p. 507.
23Ibid.
24Robert Laurin, "Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament, in Bernard Ramm et al, Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1967).
25Vine, p. 43.
26Ibid.
27F. F. Bruce, Answers to Questions (Exeter, U. K.: Paternoster Press, 1972), p. 108.
28Ibid. Emphasis in original.
29J. Dwight Pentecost. The Words and Works of Jesus Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981), p. 125.
30John Peter Lange, Commentary on the Holy Scriptures (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1960), IX, 126-27; The Interpreter's Bible (Nashville: Abingdon, 1956), VIII, 505.
31The Pulpit Commentary, XXII (I John), 140.
32Beasley-Murray, p. 228.
33R. V. G. Tasker, The Gospel According to St. John, Vol. IV of The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960), p. 71.
34Bloesch, 11,12.
35Ibid p. 22.
36Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible, abr. by Ralph Earle (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1967), p. 904.
37Ralph Reynolds, Truth Shall Triumph (Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press, 1965), p. 40.
38Webster's p. 1924.
39Vine pp. 961-62.
40Henry Thiessen, Lectures in Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), p. 265.
41"Baptism," A Dictionary of the Bible [hereinafter ADB], James Hastings, ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1898), I, 243.
42Ibid, pp. 240-41.
43Ibid.
44Vine, pp. 98-99.
45Ibid, p. 98.
46The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Romans), 156.
47Ibid, XXII (I Peter), 137.
48Ibid.
49F. F. Bruce The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, VI, 136.
50Ibid, n. 1.
51Webster's, pp. 891,1920.
52Ibid, p. 1640.
53Vine, pp. 462-63.
54Isaac Asimov, The Human Body (New York: The New American Library, Inc., 1963), pp. 180-81.
55Vine, p. 99.
56Rousas John Rushdoony, 'Baptism and Citizenship,' Chalcedon Position Paper No. 37 (Vallecito, Ca.: Chalcedon, n.d.), p. 1.
57Ibid, pp. 1-2.
58Ibid, p. 2.
59Ibid.
60James Strong, Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon, 1890).
61"Baptism (Early Christian)," Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics [hereinafter ERE], James Hastings, ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951), IT, 384.
62"Baptism," The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon, 1962), 1, 351.
63Matthew Henry, Commentary (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming II. Revell, n.d.), V, 443.
64Beasley-Murray, p. 83. Emphasis in original.
65Ibid, pp. 83-84.
66Ibid, p. 81.
67H. V. G. Tasker, The Gospel According to St Matthew, Vol. I of The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1961), p. 275.
68James Buswell, Jr., A Systematic Theology of the Christian Religion (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980), I, 23.
69David Arthur Reed, Origins and Development of the Theology of Oneness Pentecostalism in the United States (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1978), pp. 47, 66-67, citing Essex Kenyon, The Wonderful Name of Jesus (Los Angeles: West Coast Publishing Co., 1927).
70Reed, pp. 46, 49, 68.
71William Phillips Hall, Remarkable Biblical Discovery or "The Name" of God According to the Scriptures (1929; Rpt. by St. Louis: Pentecostal Publishing House, 1951), p. 10. However, Hall placed primary emphasis on Lord rather than on Jesus.
72Elmer Clark, The Small Sects in America (Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1937), p. 200.
73Bloesch, II, 22.
74Anthony Hoekema, What About Tongues Speaking? (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966), p. 114.
75Anthony Hoekema, Holy Spirit Baptism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), pp. 20-21.
76The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Acts), 251.
77Hoekema, Holy Spirit Baptism, pp. 36-37.
78The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Acts), 279; Bloesch, II, 12
79Hoekema, Holy Spirit Baptism, p. 39.
80Bloesch, II, 18.
81Hoekema, What About Tongues Speaking?, p. 73.
82Ibid, p. 77.
83Vine, p. 1165.
84Norman Geisler and William Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago: Moody Press, 1968), pp. 270-74, 372; David Otis Fuller, ed., Which Bible? (Grand Rapids: Grand Rapids International Publications, 1975), pp. 168-69. For further discussion, see David Otis Fuller, ed., Counterfeit or Genuine? Mark 16? John 8? (Grand Rapids: Grand Rapids International Publications, 1975).
85The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Acts), 336.
86Vine, p. 903.
87The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Acts), 279-80.
88Ibid.
89Hoekema, What About Tongues Speaking?, p. 70.
90Charles Solomon, "Counselor's Corner," Fulness, November-December 1980, pp. 30-31.
91Ibid.
92James Eaves, "Steps to Blessed Assurance" Fulness, November-December 1980, p. 12.
93Ibid.
94Hoekema, What About Tongues Speaking?, pp. 103-23.
95I. Howard Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles, Vol. V of The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), p. 194.
96The Pulpit Commentary, XVIII (Acts ), pp. 48-50.
97Otto Heick, A History of Christian Thought (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1965), 1, 215.
98E. H. Klotsche, The History of Christian Doctrine, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979), p. 100.
99Heick, I, 217, n. 17.
100Klotsche, p. 99.
101Kenneth Latourette A History of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row, 1953), I, 193.
102Henry Morris III, Baptism: How Important is It? (Denver: Accent Books, 1978), p. 24. For further documentation of this paragraph see The Ante-Nicene Fathers [hereinafter ANF], Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds. (Rpt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), IT, 22 & 49; ANF III, 94 & 678; ANF V, 377 & 400-01, ANF VII, 379, 431 & 469.
103Morris, p. 10.
104W. H. Murk, Four Kinds of Water Baptism (St. Paul, Minn.: Northland Publ. Co., 1947), pp. 16,17,100. For Luther's view see also Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. (1890; Rpt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1958), VII, 98-99.
105Latourette, I, 135.
106Ibid, p. 194.
107"Baptism (Early Christian)," ERE, II, 389.
108Heick, I, 54; see Klotsche, pp. 20-21, 99.
109Heick, I, 62.
110Ibid; see Klotsche, p. 27.
111Heick, I, 62, 122, 129, 135; "Baptism (Early Christian)," ERE;, II, 385. For further documentation of this paragraph see ANF I, 444 & 574; ANF III, 674-75; ANF V, 237, 276, & 378.
112Constitutions of the Holy Apostles, 6.3.15, ANF VII, 457.
113Tertullian, On Baptism, ANF III, 669-679.
114"Baptism (Early Christian)," ERE, II, 391.
115Klotsche, p. 180.
116Ibid, p. 198.
117Ibid, p. 180, quoting Lutheran Catechism, 733.
118Bloesch, II, 15.
119Ibid, p. 12.
120Heick, I, 53. See also J. F. Bethune-Baker, An Introduction to the Early History of Christian Doctrine (London: Methuen & Co., 1931), p. 25 n. 1 & p. 378 n. 1.
121Heick, I, 87.
122"Baptism (Early Christian)," ERE, II, 389.
123Ibid.
124"Baptism," ADB, I, 241.
125Jean Danielou, The Development of Christian Doctrine Before the Council of Nicaea, Vol I The Theology of Jewish Christianity, John A. Baker, ed. and trans. (London: Darton, Lonman, and Todd, 1964), p. 123 says, "The triune formula and triple immersion" do not come From Jewish Christian practice. Wilhelm Bousset, Kyrios Christianity - A History of the Belief in Christ from the Beginning of Christianity to Irenaeus, 5th ed., John Steely, trans. (New York: Abingdon, 1970), p. 292 says, "Baptism in the Pauline age was a baptism in the name of the Lord Jesus" Reed, p. 220 states, "The more archaic formula was undoubtedly some form of Lord Jesus Christ." Williston Walker, A History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947), p. 58 asserts, "The trinitarian baptismal formula… was displacing the older baptism in the name of Christ." For additional citations, see William Chalfant, Ancient Champions of Oneness (1979; Rpt. Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press, 1982), Chap. V.
126Hermas, The Pastor [The Shepherd!, 1.3.7 & 3.9.16, ANF; 11,15 & 49.
127"Baptism (Early Christian)," ERE, 385; see Hermas, 3.9.1446, ANF; II, 48-49.
128Hermas, 3.9.13, ANF II, 48.
129The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 7.1 & 9.5, ANF VII, 379 & 380.
130ANF VII, 372.
131Justin, First Apology, 61, ANF 1,183.
132Irenaeus, Fragments from the Lost Writings of lrenaeus, 34, ANF 1, 574.
133For full discussion and documentation of the beliefs of these men, as well as that of Justin, see David Bernard, The Oneness of God (Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press, 1983), Chapters 9 and 10.
134Cyprian, Epistles, 72.4, ANF V, 380.
135Acts of Paul and Thecla, ANF VIII, 490.
136Cyprian, Epistles, 72.17, ANF V, 383.
137Ibid.
138Ibid, 74.18, ANF V, 395.
139Ibid, 73.5, ANF, V, 387.
140Bethune-Baker, p. 378 n. 1.
141Ibid, p. 25 n. 1.
142A Treatise on Re-Baptism By an Anonymous Writer, ANF V, 665-78.
143Ambrose, Of the Holy Spirit, I, iii, 43, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers [hereinafter NPNF], Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, eds. Rpt. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), 2nd ser., X, 98. See also "Baptisin," ADB, 1, 241; Bethune-Baker, p. 25 n. 1. & p. 378 n. 1.
144NPNF 2nd ser., X, 98 n. 2.
145Chalfant, p. 78.
146Constitutions of the Holy Apostles, 47.50, ANF, VII, 503.
147Chalfant, pp. 78-80.
148"Baptism," ADB, I, 241.
149Ibid.
150Vinson Synan, ed., Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins (Plainfield, N.J.: Logos International, 1975), p. 158, citing John Dillenger, ed., Martin Luther (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), p. 297.
151Thomas Weisser, After the Way Called Heresy (N.p., 1981), p. 80, quoting Robert Wallace, Antitrinitarian Biography (London: E. T Whitfield, 1850), II, 350.
152Weisser, p. 80, quoting Wallace, 1, 90.
153W. Robertson Nicoll, ed., The Expositor's Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), V, 330.
154See Bernard, Chap. 9; Chalfant, passim, "Monarchianism," ERE, passim; Weisser, passim. For testimony concerning the Montanists see Hippolytus, The Refutation of all Heresies, 8.12, ANF V, 123-24.
155Fred Foster, Their Story: 20th Century Pentecostals (Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press, 1981), pp. 120-21, quoting Parham, A Voice Crying in the Wilderness, pp. 23-24.
156Andrew Urshan, The Life of Andrew Bar David Urshan (Stockton, Ca.: Apostolic Press, 1967), p. 141.
157Frank Ewart, The Phenomenon of Pentecost, rev. ed. (Hazelwood, Mo.: Word Aflame Press, 1975); Foster, pp. 88-90,102-03.
158A. Urshan, pp. 235-37.
159David Barrett, ed., World Christian Encyclopedia [hereinafter WCE] (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 234.
160Foster, p. 107; Walter Hollenweger, The Pentecostals, R. A. Wilson, trans. (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publ. House, 1972), pp. 32 & 43 n. 21.
161N. A. Urshan, Lecture and Personal Interview, July 11-13, 1982, Granby, Colorado.
162Reed pp. 109-123.
163Bell's article "Who is Jesus Christ?" is reproduced in Oliver Fauss, Buy the Truth and Sell It Not (St. Louis: Pentecostal Publ. House 1965), Chap. 2.
164Ibid, pp. 124-136.
165Hollenweger, p. 32, p. 43 n. 21, p. 312.
166Ibid, p. 312; Reed, p. 108.
167Tim Dowley et al, eds., Eerdman's Handbook to the History of the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), p. 619.
168Reed, pp. 343-46.
169See "And Now - Deprogramming of Christians is Taking Place," Christianity Today, April 22, 1983, p. 31.
170Reed, p. 199, citing, Directory of Sabbath-Keeping Groups, 4th ed. (Fairview, OkIa.: The Bible Sabbath Association, 1974).
171"Pentecostal Churches," Encyclopedia Britannica [hereinafter EB] (Chicago: William Benton, 1976), XIV, 31.
172Heick, I 47; Latourette, 1,194.
173"Charismata," ERE, III, 371.
174Clement of Rome, First Epistle to the Corinthians, 2, ANF, I, 5.
175Ignatius, Epistle to the Smyrnaeans, superscription & 12, ANF I, 86 & 92.
176Ignatius, Epistle to Polycarp, 2, ANF, I, 99.
177"Charismata" ERE, III, 371. See The Teaching of the Thrive Apostles, 1.5 & 11.7; ANF VII, 377 & 380.
178Justin, Dialogue with Trypho, 82 & 88, ANF, I, 240 & 243.
179Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 2.32.4, ANF I, 409.
180Ibid, 5.6.1, ANF, I, 531.
181Origen, Against Celsus, 7.9, ANF IV, 614, quoting Celsus, The Discourse. Origen, Commentary on John, 2.6, ANF; X, 329.
182Tertullian, Against Marcion, 5.8, ANF, III, 446.
183Ibid, III, 446-47.
184Novatian, Treatise Concerning the Trinity, 29, ANF V, 641.
185Chalfant, pp. 133, 135.
186Asterius Urbanus, Extant Writings, 10, ANF; VII, 337.
187Hilary, On the Trinity, 8.33, NPNF 2nd ser., IX, 147.
188Ambrose, Of the Holy Spirit, 2.8, NPNF 2nd ser., X, 134.
189John Chrysostom, Homilies on First Corinthians, 29, NPNF, 1st ser., XII, 168.
190Augustine, On Baptism, Against the Donatists, 3.16.21, NPNF 1st ser., IV, 443.
191Ibid, IV, 442.
192Carl Brumback, What Meaneth This? (Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Publ. House, 1947), p. 92.
193Ibid.
194"Tongues, Gift of," ADB, IV, 796; "Tongues, Gift of," Smith's Dictionary of the Bible [hereinafter SDB], H. B. Hackett, ad. (1870; Rpt. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1971), IV, 3310-11.
195Bloesch, 11,115-16; Michael Hamilton, The Charismatic Movement (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), pp. 73-74; "Pentecostal Churches," EB, XIV, 31.
196Hamilton, p. 74.
197Crane Brinton et al, A History of Civilization 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967), I, 472, 480.
198"Tongues, Gift of," SDB, IV, 3310-11.
199Ibid; "Camisards," ERE, 111,175-176; "Pentecostal Churches," EB XIV, 31; Schaff, I, 114; "Tongues, Gift of," ADB, IV, 796.
200Bloesch, II, 115-16; "Charismata," ERE, III, 370; Schaff, I, 114.
201"Charismata," ERE, III, 370; "Pentecostal Churches," EB, XIV, 31; "Tongues, Gift of," ADB, IV, 796; "Tongues, Gift of," SDB, IV, 3310-11.
202Bloesch, II, 11546; Hamilton, p. 77.
203"Tongues, Gift of," SDB, IV, 3310-11.
204Ibid; "Tongues, Gift of," ADB, IV, 796.
205Howard Snyder, The Radical Wesley (Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter-Varsity Press, 1980), p. 96.
206John Wesley, "A Letter to the Reverend Dr. Conyers Middleton," The Works of John Wesley, 3rd. ed. (Rpt. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1978), X, 54-55.
207Ibid, p. 55.
208Ibid, p. 56.
209Clark, pp. 111-12.
210Ibid, pp. 112-13.
211Ibid, pp. 114-17.
212Ibid, pp. 116-17.
213William Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1950), pp. 133, 227-31.
214Vinson Synan, The Holiness-Pentecostal Movement in the United States (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), p. 25, quoting E. Merton Coulter, College Life in the Old South (New York, 1928), pp. 194-95.
215Synan, p. 25 n. 29.
216Hamilton, pp. 84-85.
217"Irving and the Catholic Apostolic Churches," ERE, VII, 422-25; "Pentecostal Churches," EB, XIV, 31; "Tongues, Gift of," ADB IV, 796; "Tongues, Gift of," IV, 3310-11.
218Schaff, I, 115.
219Bloesch, 1,115-116.
220"Tongues, Gift of," SDB, IV, 3310-11; Schaff, 1,114.
221Ibid.
222"Pentecostal Churches," EB, XIV, 31.
223Brumback, pp. 92-94, quoting Souer [or Sauer], History of the Christian Church, III, 406 and R. Boyd, Trials and Triumphs of Faith (1875), p. 402.
224Justo Gonzalez, A History of Christian Thought (Nashville: Abingdon, 1975), III, 271.
225Robert Dalton, Tongues Like as of Fire (Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Publishing House, 1945); Ewart, pp. 59-93; Foster, pp. 41-69; Stanley Frodsham, With Signs Following (Springfield, Mo.: Gospel Publishing House, 1941).
226Don Basham, Face Up with a Miracle (Springdale, Pa.: Whitaker House, 1967); Hamilton, passim; John Sherrill, They Speak with Other Tongues (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
227WCE, pp. 6,14.
228"Counting Every Soul on Earth," Time Magazine, May 3, 1982.
229WCE, p. 6.
230WCE, pp. 720-25. In the spring of 1983 the author sent a survey to most of these groups, but only received responses from the UPCI and from the Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God, which reported 198 churches. For a description of these and several smaller Oneness Pentecostal groups, see J. Gordon Melton, The Encyclopedia of American Religions (Wilmington, N.C.: McGrath Publishing Co., 1978), pp. 287-94 and Arthur Piepkorn, Profiles in Belief The Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1979), 111,195-219.
231"Profile: General Superintendent, Reverend Nathaniel A. Urshan," UPCI Press Release of September 1983, p. 14.
232Financial Reports, UPCI, Year ending June 30, 1983 (Hazelwood, Mo.: Pentecostal Publishing House), pp. 8, 78.
233Ibid, pp. 71-72.
234Annual Field Report from UPCI, Foreign Missions Division, 1984.
235Multiply constituents by 2 or 3 to obtain affiliation
236WCE, pp. 216, 234, 243, 327, 386-87, 490-91.
237The PC of I is officially trinitarian but baptizes in Jesus' name.
238"Churches in China: Flourishing from House to House," Christianity Today, June 18, 1982, pp. 24-25.
239WCE, p. 234.
240John Yang, The Essential Doctrines in the Holy Bible, M. H. Tsai, trans. (Taichung, Taiwan: The General Assembly of the True Jesus Church in Taiwan, 1970), pp. 113, 119, 157-158.
241Cornelia Butler Flora, Pentecostalism in Columbia: Baptism by Fire and Spirit (Cranbury, N. J.: Associated University Presses, 1974); Donald Palmer, Explosion of People Evangelism (Chicago: Moody Press, 1974).
242Walter Sawatsky, Soviet Evangelicals Since World War II (Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1981), p. 95.
243Ibid, p. 434.
244WCE, pp. 695-96.
245WCE, pp. 792-93.
246Andrew Urshan, Apostolic Faith Doctrine of the New Birth (Portland, Or.: Apostolic Book Publishers, n.d.), pp. 3,15; G. T. Haywood, The Birth of the Spirit in the Days of the Apostles, pp. 10-11, 21-22, Rpt. in Paul Dugas, ed. and comp., The Life and Writings of Elder G. T Haywood (Stockton, Ca.: WABC Apostolic Press, 1968).
247For documentation of information in this section, see chapters 10 and 11.
248Rene Laurentin, Catholic Pentecostalism, Matthew J. O'Connell, trans. (Garden City, N. J.: Doubleday & Co., 1977), pp. 133-34.
249Roland Bainton, Here I Stand (Nashville: Abingdon, 1978), pp. 259, 292-97.
250Ibid, pp. 216-17.
251Latourette, II, 749.
252Klotsche, p. 224.
253'Baptism' SDB, I, 238.
254Beasley-Murray, p. 163.

The New Birth