'NEW' NORWEGIAN FOREST CAT COLORS
[To fill in a bit of background for the NFO X-color discussion, I begin with the following quotation from an article by Johanna Norberg, describing the appearance of these colors in a Swedish litter: 'Everything started on June 9, 1993 in Falun. Forest Cat breeder Sylvia Erikers, S*Wildwood's cattery, did a remote line breeding where both parents had a well-known queen, Dea-dia av Aesene, in their pedigrees. When the litter was born, Sylvia found to her surprise that two of the male kittens had very strange colours. They did not look like anything seen in NFO cats! This caused much wondering and guessing at all possible colour combinations.' - Paula]
The meeting got off to an informal start, just after 9:00 A.M., with Paula Swepston explaining to the breeders present the identity of 'Babuschka'. Kløfterhagen's Babuschka (Torvmyra's Edvard Erobreren x Mjavo's Säure) is the cat to whom the 'new' colors have supposedly been traced. Babuschka's mate for the litter thought to be the x-color carriers was Niros Dunder. Both cats produced litters with other mates; the most notable offspring being Pan's Polaris, son of Dunder and a novice called Pussi. Descendants of both cats figure in many pedigrees where the x-colors have never occured, but the line in question does appear to originate with this pair.
As more people came in, the conversation continued on this subject, beginning with a statement from Mr. Ole Magne Grytvik, chairman of the FIFé Judges and LO Commission, on behalf of the Norsk Skogkattring, which decided in its recent annual meeting to 'work for the acknowledgement of the colors lilac and chocolate - which also includes their dilution colors' (NSR report).
Judith Zuurveld enters at about 9:30 and begins taking notes as Mr. Grytvik is explaining that there were originally only four color groups for the Norwegians. Either a cat was agouti or non-agouti, with or without white. For judging purposes, no difference was made between an all-white cat and an all-black cat, and nobody cared whether a tabby was brown or silver or red. Later, in 1988-89, the colors were divided into nine groups. He speculates that the 'new' colors were probably there all along but were mistakenly labelled as brown tabby or blue or whatever. Since all our cats came from novices, he says, and as it is unlikely that free-roaming cats would have been checking pedigrees before they mated, we can never be certain what breeds went into the make-up of the foundation cats. This reflects the current official position of the NSR.
Mr. Grytvik also feels that in a race which is not judged on the basis of color, it should not be a matter of such importance what the colors are. What do we do, he goes on, when we discover that these genes do exist [in our cats' backgrounds]? And, since so many people object that these colors are not 'natural' to the Forest Cat race, what do we really mean by the term 'natural colors'? For example, is chinchilla* [please see FOOTNOTE at the bottom about chinchilla in the NFO] a natural NFO color? It is accepted and has an EMS code, but is it a 'natural' color for this breed? And what about ticked tabby? It was recognized 10-12 years ago in a certain cat [editor's note: Raggen] - is this a natural color? There is good reason to suspect that there are Persian and other breeds behind all of our NFOs! Those genes may not be 'pure', but they exist and are already in our breeding stock.
Judith wonders if it might not be possible to draw the line between European natural colors and non-European natural colors - i.e., accept chinchilla (= silver + wide banding) but not chocolate/lilac or cinnamon/fawn, and not ticked tabby. Mr. Grytvik says 'no' to this; he does not think such a division would be possible. In any case, he says, mutations can occur.
Paula: 'Almost everyone who has written to me, protesting the introduction of the new colors, has used the word natural in some way. They say the colors are not natural to the breed, or that the NFO is a natural cat and should not be corrupted by the admission of colors coming from other breeds.' Exploring what we mean when we use the word natural, she says that some breeders of other breeds tend to think us affected for talking about our natural Forest Cats; they say the NFO is not and has never been a natural cat. She reads aloud from a comment she wrote earlier on this theme, reproduced here in full:
[In a way, we have to ask 'what is a natural cat of ANY breed?' My husband saw beautiful 'Foreign Blacks' in the streets of Cairo - they are alley cats there. Mme. Raymonde Maillard has told of Siamese cats she and her husband found running around the neighborhoods of Viet Nam (very close to Thailand) - perhaps not as streamlined as those found on the show bench, but definitely naturally-occurring Siamese.
If we say that all humans are descended from Adam and Eve (or 'Lucy' in Africa), and developed racial characteristics as they wandered off to different parts of the globe and different climates, well, the same thing probably happened with cats. Don't they say that cats too started in Africa; that the 'original' cat was an Abyssinian-looking tabby, the first mutation an all-black, and that the various color-patterns and body developments came about when the cats wandered or were taken by merchants and other travellers to live in different areas of the world?
So, all cats are mixed salads if you look at it that way. But then they transform themselves along lines that allow them to exist in their new homes, and develop into the breeds we recognize in the cat fancy.
When we say the Forest Cat is 'natural', we do not mean that it is a WILD cat like a lynx or a bobcat, but that it evolved naturally in accordance with the needs imposed by its habitat. Of necessity, it developed a heavy body and the big furry feet for walking on the snow, and the waterproof coat and all the other accoutrements for roughing it in the Scandinavian countryside. By natural selection, these cats turned themselves into a breed. And that's the way they were when people first decided they should be preserved JUST LIKE THAT!
When FIFe recognized the Forest Cat as a breed, it was a way of saying, 'Right. This is no longer a house cat. It has developed on its own into something special, worthy of being called a pure breed. Now, you breeders work on keeping it like that - always, of course, striving to bring the quality up to the level of the best examples, like this guy Pan's Truls here.'
Whatever mixtures happened back on the farm, this is the result today, this is the Forest Cat as it developed without human intervention; and we don't have the right to make any more mixtures - in fact all outside marriages are officially forbidden by the standard, and we don't like to think of their happening 'on the sly'. The fear that this may have happened in the Forest Cat's more recent history is one of the reasons why many of us tend to be suspicious both of the new colors and of the possible re-opening of the novice class.]
Continuing, Paula asks, 'Do we necessarily want to preserve genes that may come from other breeds? It may be true that the colors have been hiding there all along, but many, many of us believe it is equally possible they were not, and that the intimate consanguinity necessary to fix these doubly recessive colors (since they come from a single line) would underline not only the colors themselves but also inappropriate traits from the breed of their origin. Such inbreeding could compromise the morphology, health, and personality of the NFO. It would be a step backwards. We are not trying to deny that the colors are there, and we do not want to see any doors closed, either for ourselves or for the breeders working with the colors. But once they are recognized, we will not be able to go back. We wish Norway and Sweden to realize that we are genuinely concerned about this!'
Mr. Grytvik suggests that Paula's understanding of genetics is dubious.
Richard Herrmann expresses concern about the health issues, and a recent e-mail from Jette Eva Madsen is read aloud, addressing the meeting on this subject:
[The cinnamon and fawn are new colours. An original widespread recessive gene does not hide for decades in the cat family. If it were a colour natural to the NFO, it would have appeared many years ago, like the colour blue.
Although it is an easy explanation, I am also firmly convinced that we can exclude the possibility of a new mutation.
It has been established that the cinnamon and fawn stem from one and the same cat family in Sweden. I wonder whether anyone has been able to trace it further back than Babuschka?
Is it not altogether more plausible, therefore, to accept the fact that somewhere in that family a 'wrong mating' took place - on purpose or by accident - and was registered as a NFO x NFO. Is there any reason to believe that NFO breeders are more honest than other breeders?
Unfortunately, this is not only about colours. It is also about what other genes are introduced with these new colours. There have been a number of PRA (Progressive Retinal Atrophy) cases in certain NFO families in Sweden. We are all aware of this and of other genetic problems among Abyssinians and Somalis, such as patella luxation, kidney disease, loss of teeth at an early age, etc.
If cat breeders are worried about the gene pool, this is certainly not the way to deal with it. The correct way to broaden the gene pool is to avoid inbreeding and not to introduce ‘new colours' from breeds that are known to suffer from hereditary defects.
Breeding is about knowing what happens in the family of cats you work with. The pedigree is the guarantee for that. We cannot afford to introduce a lot of unknowns into our breeding program - if we do so, we will be gambling with the future of the NFO.]
Mr. Grytvik explains that breeders in Norway worry about getting new genetic material for the breed (this, of course, is the main reason some of them hope for a re-opening the novice class), and says that these new-colored cats may offer a possibility for expanding the gene pool.
[from the NSR report, Perspectives and conclusions concerning the colors chocolate and lilac in NFO: 'As our breed is still young and our breeding material limited we must be concerned with the main issues. That is: Size and heavy bone structure, correct NFO coat quality, clean-lined triangular heads, etc. - and provide sufficient superb breeding material that can produce cats with these qualities.']
But the question remains in the air: how can the inbreeding being used to get these colors EXPAND the gene pool?
[Quotation from feline geneticist and Forest Cat breeder Irene de Viliers, participating in the meeting by e-mail from the Republic of South Africa: 'It's important to define what genes are part of each breed....
Feline genetic health is determined by the percentage of heterozygous genes in a cat. Colour genes are a small minority of these genes, and play a very minor role. The major role is played by inbreeding, which leads to a high percentage of homozygous genes. This is the true determinant of gene pool health, there is no other. It is sad but true that MANY experienced breeders and highly placed members of the cat fancy, do not know how important this heterozygocity is....
...If we could spend more effort in showing breeders that health is DIRECTLY proportional to the number of heterozygous gene pairs - we could get major leaps in gene pool health. That's where our efforts belong - not in railroading a new colour into a breed with defined limits, for the sake of a few, who happen to have been landed with kittens of a colour introduced inadvertently.
The genetic diversity excuse is just not there. Genetic diversity requires heterozygous genes; avoidance of inbreeding is the way to go, not the addition of one new colour gene, which will be inbred by its proponents in order to propagate it.
By the way, you DO get better type if you avoid inbreeding, AND you get better health - if you use the polygene knowledge we have these days.
A single gene among the countless genes on a cat's 19 pairs of chromosomes does not invigorate [a breed]. A large quantity of ‘heterozygous' gene pairs, resulting from an avoidance of inbreeding - that is what invigorates. By definition, hybrid vigour is the product of lots of dissimilar gene pairs - heterozygous gene pairs, or ‘hybrid' gene pairs if you like, hence hybrid vigour. That's where the term comes from, and there is no question of the health relationship with heterozygous gene pairs. Geneticists and conservationists the world over use these principles in their work to save species, and also in their research with lab mice.
It is this heterozygocity, obtained through the avoidance of inbreeding, that we need for genetic health, not inbreeding for double-recessive colours like cinnamon and fawn!']
Paula reports that there is some fear that if the new colors are recognized, the GCCF in England and CFA in the United States may refuse registry to NFOs imported with FIFé pedigrees. Obviously this would have a devastating effect on the work of breeders in those countries.
[United Kingdom
Kate & Doug Campbell, Secretary & Chairman Norsk Skogkatt Society
'Here in the UK these colours, no matter what they are, will not be recognised by the GCCF. This will cause problems if these cats, or carriers of these colours are imported and incorporated into the breeding programme. The GCCF will probably not even recognise a pedigree that has these colours in it. At present the majority of NFC breeders in the UK have their cats registered with this body. Our importation of new lines would be severely limited by the recognition of these colours.']
[United States
Susan Shaw, President of the Norwegian Forest Cat Fanciers' Association
'One of the concerns expressed from one of our members was that if these colors are allowed in FIFe, then CFA MAY close the registration of all imported NFC into the United States. This would be a tragic loss for our gene pool over here. We do not allow any cats showing evidence of hybridization. This is in our standard. Until there is scientific proof that these cats occurred naturally, I will continue to assume that something other than a NFC was used in a breeding program. The breeders in the United States continue to stand very firm in their belief that these colors should not be accepted and that their acceptance would be severely detrimental to the NFC as a breed here in the USA.']
[Anne Køhn, chairman of the Norsk Skovkattering Danmark, has this to say in her written report about the future of these colors in Denmark:
'The business committee of Felis Danica has decided that cats with ancestors registered as NFO x NFO xc may not be registered as NFOs, but will get a registration card as non-recognized longhair. According to FIFé registration rules, a NFO cannot be registered as NFO x. The x may only be used when you have a colour that is not admitted [n.b.: as opposed to a colour that is expressly forbidden]. This happened with Persians in the colours ns 21 09 and ns 09, which were not admitted until last year's General Assembly in FIFé.... NFO in chocolate or lilac must be considered a new breed.']
Niels Kildeskov remarks that there are tests to prove who a person's real parents are, and that nowadays it turns out that 10% of all people in Western Europe actually have different parents from the ones they believe. His point is that maybe the parents of the cats in question are not really the parents.
Mr. Grytvik agrees with Niels that parenthood is never a 100% sure thing, but goes on to say that we must believe the breeders when they say there have been no illicit matings.
Paula says 'But that is just the point. We DO NOT necessarily believe them!' She quotes here from a fax sent by Randi Grotterød, one of the Forest Cat foundation breeders (Torvmyra's).
[The Mjavo cattery (breeders of Babuschka's mother) also raised Colourpoint Persians, and they had a male NFO that was not recognized .... So in the beginning many people thought they might have had an accidental litter between a Colourpoint and that male; that was at the beginning, when the Forest Cats were first being recognized, so they got the kittens of this litter recognized as NFO's.
So when talking about recognizing the colors lilac/chocolate, we (Randi and her husband, Arild Grotterød) not agree with that. It seems to us that these colors must come from the Colourpoints, and that is not good for the NFO.]
We also include the following from Jette Eva Madsen, by e-mail, one week after the meeting:
[I am confused about the cinnamon/fawn story. Suddenly the people who breed the colors claim that they know carriers all over. They find some of the most often-used old, dead cats and claim they carried the trait. I am not sure they are right. Last week I was told that there were even cinnamons after a 'Felis Jubatus' cat. That cannot be true, since the only mating I have performed where Babuschka is involved is the one with Gladstone. The two kittens that went into breeding were both sold to the USA! I and several other breeders have done so much inbreeding with my founder cats that we can be quite sure there are no such genes in the foundation cats.
I know of several cats that were supposed to be cinnamon, and when they arrived at shows in Europe the judges, in every case, said they were 'just' brown of some kind.
I know several breeders who are thought to be very serious, who more or less made wrong matings deliberately and registered them as NFO. It is even quite common to write in a wrong mother cat's name if it is believed that will make the kittens sell more easily.]
Richard Herrmann brings up the case of a Colorpoint Maine Coon that turned up unexpectedly in an MCO litter in Switzerland. What if this happened to us?
Paula reads from the Norsk Skogkattring's written report:
[We see no problem in stopping pointed patterns from entering the breed. This pattern is produced from genes not found in the natural cat population in the northern parts of Europe. Pointed Forest Cats are therefore an 'impossibility' which of course cannot be allowed.]
Mr. Grytvik acknowledges that he supports this statement.
Paula then wonders what will happen if it should turn out that the new colors derive from some colorpoint breed, and the possibility for colorpoint NFOs is hidden away and pops out to surprise us some day. Will we have to go through this whole process again? Don't we even want to know what the genes are that we are dealing with? She would like to see a moratorium declared for the moment on the rush to recognize the colors officially. The breeders could go on working with them experimentally, and should definitely do a series of test matings to give us more evidence of what is going on. She emphasizes again that once the colors are accepted, we will not be able to undo the decision. With the ticked tabby, the damage is already done.
She also reports that many people have suggested the 'new'- colored cats be raised under a separate breed name, as is the case with the Neva Masquerade (colorpoint Siberian) and the Bombay (black Burmese). Failing that, they request that the names of cats carrying these colors be marked specially in the pedigrees, so that breeders wishing to avoid the colors may do so.
Returning to the health issue, Mr. Grytvik says there is no reason to claim that the NFO is a particularly healthy cat; it probably has a lot of problems, just like any other breed.
Paula: 'Possibly, but do we then want to add the particular problems of other breeds? We think that the Forest Cat is in fact a healthy breed, because it developed in a climate and under conditions which allowed only the strongest cats to survive. We would like to keep it that way.'
Mr. Grytvik is of the opinion that we would not necessarily get PRA from the addition of Somali blood. (See Roy Robinson's article on Progressive Retinal Atrophy for a description of this malady.)
Paula: 'But, yes, that is exactly what DID happen!'
Martin Kristensen: 'Yes, that is correct; all the cases we know of come only from the line of Raggen, who was part Somali.'
Judith reports a granddaughter of Raggen in the Netherlands who has been diagnosed. In Sweden, she says, there at least three cases.
[The magazine of the Swedish breed club Skofnos has written about PRA cases in Southern Sweden.]
Minna Krogh: 'How long must we continue to pay the price for the mistake that was made in recognizing Raggen?!' She cites this cat, found on the street, as a classic example of why it is dangerous to bring animals of unknown provenance into the breeding program.
[Jette Eva Madsen, e-mail: '... it seems that PRA has suddenly turned up among the NFO's. The known cases are after the novice cat called Raggen, who was ticked tabby and clearly showed that he was half Somali. If the new colors are cinnamon and fawn, they also come from Somali, and we have the risk of more PRA-cases.']
Paula asks whether the recognition of the new colors might not be an incentive for breeders to sneak in Javanese, etc., in order get the colors quickly. We have already seen, among the independents, where the regulations may not always have been so strict as in FIFé, the use of Orientals to get better head type. And then there was the famous German independent pedigree with the Russian Blues....
[The story of the Javanese refers to the following, found in a copy of Katzen Extra magazine (Germany) from 1992.There is a picture of a cat named Tsarina-Anatevka von Goldbach, owner Heidi Leemann in Switzerland. The cat has an FFH (FIFe) pedigree. The text reads:
|
Tsarina-Anatevka vom Goldbach
born 30/07/1990
father: EC Sandor von Goldbach Romeo von Biberstein x
Quissini av Moi Rana
mother: Syrina-Vanessa vom Fuchseck
Bajazzo vom Fuchseck x
Carina vom Fuchseck
|
| 'Zum einen entstammt sie alten Norweger Adel, zum anderen trägt sie auch das Blut von in der Schweiz gezogenen Norwegern.Hingegen fast revolutionär sind ihre orientalischen Ahnen, die in diese Linie zur Kopfverbesserung eingekreuzt wurden.'
('On the one hand she comes from old Norwegian nobility and from Forest Cats raised in Switzerland. On the other, practically revolutionary, are her oriental forebears, who were crossed into the line to improve the head shape.')] This text had been circulated to Secretariat subscribers earlier in the season. An update would have it that an accidental mismating occurred in a cattery raising both Norwegians and Javanese. The resulting kittens were sold as pets, without pedigrees, for a minimal price to cover the vaccines. Of course they were not sterilized at three months when they left the breeder, and unfortunately one of the new owners took her kitten to an independent show, had the cat certified as a Norwegian Forest Cat novice, and was then allowed to use it for breeding as a Forest Cat. |
If these facts are all true, there remains the question of how Tsarina - Anatevka wound up with a FIFé pedigree - some parts of the puzzle are obviously missing. All the same, the anecdote is interesting for pointing out one way an honest breeder might wind up, several generations later, buying a kitten with a non-kosher pedigree. Once the questionable ancestors have disappeared off the great-great-grandparent end of the pedigree, a bit of detective work is required to uncover them.
The Russian Blue reference is to a so-called Norsk Skaukatt named Olsok fra Drømmeskogen in whose pedigree 7 of the 16 spaces in the 5th generation are filled with Russian Blues. In fact the marriage between two Russian Blues, Bommy vom Freyhof x Punny vom Freyhof resulted in a blue cat named Wuschi vom Freyhof, registered as a Norsk Skaukatt, who figures 3 times in Olsok's pedigree. This 'experimental' pedigree was issued by the Deutscher Katzenclub e.V. in 1983. A copy was sent to Secretariat subscribers in 1996.]
Richard Herrmann: 'The problem is that we have no power over the decision-making.'
Paula: 'That is true. All this group can do is make a recommendation. But our FIFé breed clubs should be able to exercise more real influence by speaking to their pedigree associations.'
Martin Kristensen: 'It seems that about 90% of breeders all around the world are against the acceptance of these colors. Even in Sweden and Norway there are many voices against them. We are not saying that these breeders should just take their cats and ‘get lost', but the time has not yet come to speak about recognition. We simply don't know enough about the genetic material involved.'
Paula: 'Everybody would like to see a series of proper test matings carried out in a scientific atmosphere.'
[Jette Eva Madsen, in an e-mail the week after the meeting: '... I feel that the Swedish breeders or Irene from South Africa should provide us with some information about the nature of the gene based on systematic test matings! So far the breeders have failed to do this. At the moment they are only aiming that the colors look like cinnamon/fawn under the microscope.']
Martin says that he knows there are possibilities in Sweden for DNA testing, that when breeders in Denmark want to have such a test done, they have it done in Sweden. Why don't the Swedish breeders concerned with these colors have such tests performed?
Paula: 'We wish to thank FIFé for giving so much attention to the theories of the Swedish breeders working with these colors, and pe thohey will give the same consideration to our arguments. We hope they will realize that all of us, from here in Europe to as far away as South Africa, Australia, and the USA, who are raising objections and requesting more genetic research, are striving for the best and healthiest development of the breed we love.'
Some summing up of other points raised outside the meeting room:
1. It has been argued that these colors were 'there all along' and that in a breed which takes no points for color, the fact that there is suddenly a 'different' color should be of no importance. But can anyone tell us why these specific colors, chocolate and lilac, cinnamon and fawn, along with the pointed patterns - THESE colors and NO OTHERS - have been forbidden in the Norwegian Forest Cat standard? There must have been some suspicion that these colors were not 'natural' to the breed, that they implied some unwanted outcross - else, why mention them at all?
2. We are told again and again, by Norsk Skogkattring and by fine breeders all over the world, that fur quality, together with the stature and type of the cat, is much more important than coat color. We are counselled to breed agouti cats with non-agoutis and dense colors with dilute colors (rather than blue x blue generation after generation), in order to preserve the proper coat texture. Is it really logical that we are suddenly being asked to approve the breeding FOR color in this specific case? Given that the colors are doubly recessive, doesn't it mean that in order to get them, the breeders must have to keep crossing dilute, thus risking a coat that is too soft?
3. If the colors were really there all along, why was everybody so shocked when they turned up in the Wildwood's litter?
4. Supposing the colors derive from Colorpoint Persians mixed in with some of the old cats, how can it be logically maintained that we might not be faced someday with the necessity of recognizing Colorpoint Forest Cats?
5. Various people have expressed doubts that Babuschka's line is truly the source of the 'new' colors, since breeders all over the world have been using these cats for generations, sometimes with conspicuous line breeding, without getting 'funny-colored' kittens.
Some feel strongly that even if the colors are hidden from long ago, the inbreeding required to bring them out should be avoided for the good of the race.
A desire for caution is expressed, that we not rush into a witch hunt, refusing to have anything to do with Babuschka, or sterilizing beautiful cats from her line! We need to give things more time.
6. Nobody understands the argument that our gene pool could be 'enlarged' by inbreeding with a line that has already been used so often. Assuming the pedigrees are correctly recorded, where is the 'new blood' supposed to be coming from?
*****
[Update 2003: See About those colors for an update on the color situation - they turn out not to be chocolate and lilac after all!.)
For more reading on this subject I recommend Jette Eva Madsen's article: X-coloured Forest Cats - a new theory!]
[note: Dalälvskatten's proposal to see the new colors recognized was voted down at SVERAK's annual meeting, and therefore did not come to discussion at the FIFé General Assembly. It is believed the proposal will be made again next year, so it is fortunate that we have had this opportunity to organize our thoughts. A lot can happen in a year, and we should all be grateful for a 'breathing space' in which to relax and give the Swedish breeders time to gather more information.]
Report Continued: PART 2: -Type, Profile & NFO Standard |
[*Footnote: (clicking will take you back to your place in the report) Chinchilla NFO's? On referring to the FIFé red book, I do not actually find chinchilla specified among the colors permitted for Norwegians, Maine Coons and Turkish Angoras. However, shaded and shell, which also involve the Inhibition gene, are both mentioned. Anybody know more? Has anybody ever registered or seen registered an NFO 'Shaded' or Shell' - or, indeed, 'Chinchilla'?
When I first started breeding, I read in some French documentation that all colors and distributions were allowed EXCEPT colorpoint, chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, AND chinchilla. Unfortunately, that was 10 years ago, and I can't put my hand on the article today! However, Desmond Morris, in his book Cat World: a Feline Encyclopedia (Ebury Press, 1996) confirms me in my memory; he states that SOME SOURCES specify the exclusion of chinchilla.Perhaps this occurs in some non-FIFé material. If anyone can help me with an exact quote, I would be grateful! - Paula]
Congratulations to this year's World Winner Kittens:
Narya le Grand Feux d'Aurès, bred and owned by Sandra Lantairès (F)
and Skakmat Felis Jubatus, bred by Jette Eva Madsen and owned by Martin Kristensen (DK)
Update: Skakmat is the only Forest Cat (so far!) to become double World Winner. She won again in Prague in 2000, earning for herself the longwinded name EC WWK98, WWA2000 Skakmat Felis Jubatus. At the 2002 World Show in Helsinki, she was nominated once again.
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