Rabies Resources In Print

I have included brief notes on some of the ones I've read. If you know of others that you think would be useful please email the information to me! Sorry about the inconsistancies in formatting, eventually I'll clean it up, but right now I'm just trying to get the info out.

I chose to include a number of papers dealing with bat rabies. I feel that since the current lack of shed studies on the bat variant of rabies virus in ferrets is one of the concerns of some public health departments, it was important to do so. The papers contain a variety of information; statistical probability that any given bat might be rabid, general comments on the likelihood of a bat transmitting rabies to an animal other than another bat, and comparative information on how the bat variant virus presents in other mammals. This last is of particular interest, since the public health concern is largely based upon the possibility that the bat variant could present with a significantly longer shed period than the variants which have been tested in ferrets.

Magazine Articles

Ferrets USA- 1997 Annual."How We Did It!" by Dick Bossart. Pages 62-64.

This article describes the battle waged by Dick & Joan Bossart, with the New Hampshire Ferret Owner's Coalition to pass the nations first quarantine law protecting ferrets. Their fight resulted in the passage of HB 573 on June 12, 1995, providing for a 45 day quarantine.

Books
Alvin, Virginia & Robert Silverstein. Rabies.
New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994. ISBN# 0-98490-465-5.
Covers history, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Black and white illustrations.

West, Geoffrey, P. Rabies in Animals & Man.
New York: Arco, 1972.

Landau, Elaine, P. Rabies.
New York: Arco, 1972. ISBN# 0-525-67403-9.
Written for youths. Color photos, some unpleasant.

Baer, GM. The Natural History of Rabies.
2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Mich: CRC Press, 1991.

I haven't read this only because I haven't yet located a copy. George Baer is (or was around 1994, I'm not sure if he's still there),the Chief of the Rabies Section at the CDC, so I would reccommend this as a resource, sight unseen. Among other things he pioneered development of alternative vaccination methods, such as oral vaccines, for administration to wildlife.

Kaplan, Colin, G.S. Turner and D. A Warrell. Rabies: The Facts.
2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

John W. Davis, Lars H. Karstad, Daniel O. Traner. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals.
2nd ed. IA: Iowa State University Press, 1981.

Good overview, if somewhat dated. Many references. I don't know if a more recent edition is available, if so it may have more current information in the chapter on rabies.

Research & Scientific Papers

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 210, No. 1, January 1, 1997, pages 33-37.
"Compendium of Animal Rabies Control, 1997"
National Association of State Public Health Vererinatians, Inc.

This annual document contains the guidelines for immunization and rabies control. These standards are used as national guidelines for dealing with animals which are involved in possible exposures to humans (such as bite or scratch incidents).

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 209, No. 12, December 15, 1996, pages 2031-2044.
"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995"
Krebs, J.W., Strine, T.W., Smith, J.S., Noah, D.L., Rupprecht, C.E., Childs, J.E.
A review of reported rabies cases in 7,877 non-humans and 4 humans.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 208, No. 10, May 15, 1996, pages 1667-1672.
"Results of a national survey of rabies control procedures"
Johnston, W.B., Walden, M.B.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 210, No. 2, January 15, 1997, pages 195-200.
"Prevalence of rabies in bats in Michigan, 1981-1993"
by Michelle J. Feller, DVM; John B. Kaneene, DVM, MPH, PhD; Mary Grace Stobierski, DVM, MPH
A study of rabies in Michigan bats. Includes comments on shed periods for
rabies in bats and the role bats play in transmitting rabies to other species.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 194:234-238, 1989.
"Serologic response of domestic ferrets to canine distemper and rabies virus vaccines." by Hoover JP, et al.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 208(11):1827-1830, June 1, 1996.
"Postexposure rabies prophylaxis and preexposure rabies vaccination failure in domestic animals." by Clark, K.A., and Wilson, P.J.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 196:1614-1616 , 1990
"Evaluation of an inactivated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets." by Rupprecht CE, et al.

Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association,
Vol. 205(4):534-535, August 15, 1994
"Epidemiologists and public health veterinarians issue statement on ferrets." Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians [letter]. by Suzanne R. Jenkins and M. T. Osterholm

Journal of Mammology,
Vol. 76:681-694, 1995
"Rabies-epidemiology, prevention, and future research." by John W. Krebs, et al.

Adv Vet Res,
42:375-412, 1993.
Tsiang, H. "Pathophysiology of rabies virus infection of the nervous system."

Rev. Med Vet,
133:553, 1982.
Blanc, J., Albert, M.R., Artois, M. "Rage experimentae du ferret."

Zentralbl Veterinarmed (B)
41(9):574-579 1994.
Mainka, C. "Rabies antibody production in ferrets after immunization with four different rabies vaccines." In German.

Journal of Comparative Pathology ,
108(1):1-39 January 1993. "Rabies: a review." by King, A.A., Turner, G.S..

Public Health Rep,
1967; 82:867-888.
Constantine, D.G. "Bat Rabies in the Southwestern United States."

Mich Med,
March 1996; 95(3):42-44.
Bartlett, P.C., Sikarskie, J., Stobierski, M.G. "Rabies: New threats loom in Michigan."

Epidemiol. Infect.,
1994; 113:501-511.
Childs, J.E., Trimarchi, Charles V., and Krebs, J.W. "The epidemiology of bat rabies in New York State."
Includes statistics on how many of the bats tested were found to be rabid by species. Childs and Krebs are (or were when this was published) from the CDC; Trimarchi is currently the director of the NY State Rabies Lab. Published erratum appears in the June 1995 issue; 114(3):525.

American Journal Veterinary Research,
1986;47:777-780.
Trimarchi, Charles. V., MS, Rudd, Robert J., MS, and Abelseth, Melvin K.,DVM, PhD. "Experimentally induced rabies in four cats inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a bat."

American Journal Tropical Med Hyg,
1969; 18:61-66.
Bell, J.F., Moore, G.J., Raymond, G.H. "Protracted survival of a rabies-infected bat after infectious bite."

American Journal Veterinary Research,
1966;27:24-32.
Constantine, D.G., Woodall, D.F. "Transmission experiments with bat rabies isolates: reactions of certain carnivora, oppossum, rodents & bats to rabies virus of red bat origin when exposed by bat bite or by intramuscular injection."

Ann NY Acad Sci ,
1958: 70: 452-466.
Burns, K.F., Shelton, D.F., Grogan, E.W. "Bat rabies: experimental host transmission studies".

American Journal of Veterinary Research
1968;29:181-190.
Constantine, D.G., Soloman, G.C., Woodall, D.F. "Transmission experiments with bat rabies isolates:responses of certain carnivores and rodents to rabies virus from four species of bats".

Int Journal Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis
Vol. 280(3):382-385 , January 1994
"A dipstick dot enzyme immunoassay for detection of rabies antigen." by Jayakumar, R., and Padmanaban, V. D.
Comparison with fluorescent antibody test for use on brain tissue.

Comp Immunol Infectious Diseases
1995 Sep;18(4); 269-73.
Jayakumar R., Nachimuthu K., Padmanaban V.D. "A Dot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Dot ELISA) ): comparison with standard fluorescent antibody test (FAT) for the diagnosis of rabies in animals.

Vet Rec.
Vol. 136(12):295-296, March 25, 1995
"Immunohistochemical test for rabies: identification of a diagnostically superior monoclonal antibody." by Hamir, A.N., Moser, G., Fu, Z. F., Dietzschold, B., Rupprecht, C.E.

Journal of Infect DIs.
Vol. 167(1):207-210, January 1993
"Diagnosis of rabies by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers." by Kamolvarin, N., Tirawatnpong, T., Rattanasiwamoke, R., Tirawatnpong, S., Panpanich, T., Hemachudha, T..
From the abstract description, I believe this test uses brain tissue.

Vet Microbiol.
Vol. 34(3):221-231, March 1993
"Gene specific assay to differentiate strains of pseudorabies virus." by Hasebe H., Wheeler, JG, and Osorio, FA.
If I'm reading the abstract correctly, this covers the use of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to tell wild rabies virus from the 'cultured ' ones used in vaccines.

Journal of Veterinary Diag. Invest.
April 1994;6(2):148-152.
Hamir, A.N, and Moser, G. . "Immunoperoxidase test for rabies: utility as a diagnostic test."
Evaluation of an alternative test to the fluorescent antibody test. The abstract indicated brain tissue was used for testing.