The irony in our society regarding occultism is that it is associated with a generally negative image. This is ironic because the essential teachings of occultism possess an approach to life that is more integrated and harmonious than the common ways and beliefs of our society. As we have seen, occultism teaches that humans are integrated wholes with an important and necessary part to play in the overall scheme of things. As one learns more and more of occult teachings and insights, an alien familiarity begins to creep over one, a sense of awe and wonder at oneself, at Nature and most especially at the generally backwards condition of the mass of the human race.
We have already discussed the fundamental ethical differences of the occult and scientific world-views. I hope to have illustrated that occultism is fundamentally a participatory intellectual approach to the study of Nature and Humanity, and is grounded in a primarily ecological approach, and also explicitly defines its ethical orientations. On the other hand, modern science, which has its historical roots in the Western dichotomy of "being or becoming", has the implicit metaphysical orientation of separating Humanity from Nature. Modern science, as it presently stands, implicitly operates under the assumption that Mankind, in some respect or another, stands outside of Nature, and modern science believes that it can describe the operations of Nature without taking into account the fundamental human element.
This presents a problem in that, as I have also described, modern science is the fundamental creative force in the modern world. Not only does modern science create the technologies that have transformed the world, but as well defines for us our image of who and what we think we are. In the terms laid out in the previous chapter, modern science is a behemoth aggregation of thought-forms forming vast emotion-scapes and mind-scapes on the astral and mental worlds; psycho-scapes that literally mold the personality of the modern individual. This vast aggregation of thought-form that constitutes modern science is the essential psychosocial matrix within which our everyday lives occur. Thus, even those people not directly involved in the activities of modern science are affected by the results and orientations of modern science. The implicit metaphysical assumptions of science have filtered into our everyday lives in a ubiquitous fashion, and thus, the entire spectrum of life styles of the Western world are colored by the hidden metaphysical assumptions of science.
But the scientific thought-form(s) itself is only one of many vast thought-forms that affect and define our lives. It coexists among many other vast thought-forms such as modern nationalism, modern religion, modern art, etc.. All of these thought-forms form a vast psychosocial community, or ecosystem, each supporting the other in an ecological give and take that supports the entire psychosocial framework behind the modern world. It is this tremendously vast mind-scape that polarizes and molds each of our individual minds and personalities, affecting not only our beliefs and attitudes, but our entire physical life.
In this chapter I want to discuss this complex and powerful arrangement of thought-forms, not from an intellectual point of view that is abstracted from our actual experience, but in terms of the social realities that surround us. I want to go into the moral overtones implicit in this vast network of thought-forms that define our present social behavior and attempt to understand these attitudes from an occult perspective. The following discussion is a critical social commentary of present day life-styles as seen from an occult ethical orientation. I have written this from the point of view of being "inside" this system of thought-forms; this is my personal perspective on what I see going on around me today in the world we all share. My words may seem harsh, but I am pointing the finger at no person, only at thought-forms. We humans are the medium through which cultural evolution occurs, because we are the ultimate carriers of culture, of the ideas, memes or thought-forms that allow us to bring life to the abstract levels of being embodied by cultural evolution. A thought-form may be vast and powerful, but it has no life if we do not give it life. We have the inherent power to create our collective social reality by allowing the survival of some thought-forms and not others. The following discussion is indirectly an attack on the thought-forms that I feel serve no useful purpose in our lives and serve only to make our lives less than they could be.
The essential question here is one of values. What is the value of life? Of a human life? We are raised as children in our culture to believe in a set of values that, when we actually become adults we find are little more than a veneer to mask the ugliness, hypocrisy and delusions of our social values. We are taught not to lie, to be nice and kind, to be charitable. But as we grow older we really only learn repression and confusion, fear, dishonesty and disrespect. We become great liars and self-deceivers. Our minds and hearts are fed by the useless images of a decadent media and we become trapped in expectations that we can never live up to. We are subjected to a corrupted authority that abuses the public trust and forces us to be like sheep out of fear of punishment. We are not taught to think for ourselves in our schools, but to think like each other, to conform or be cast out. Our society has no compassion, for it breeds crime then puts all of the responsibility upon the criminals. Our institutions are like parasites, each feeding on the others, resulting in a stress producing life-style that leads us to cancer and heart attacks. The result is a breed of humans which is essentially bland and colorless, selfish and dispassionate, an uninteresting and pitiful blend of phobias, repressions and useless misinformation; the average market place consumer with his store bought opinions, trivia filled mind, and need to think he is getting away with something and is better than everyone else.
We espouse religion, we espouse God, we espouse moral values. But they are only token espousals, mere lip service paid to things in which we neither believe nor understand. Ours is a society without a healthy spirituality and with no reasonable comprehension of the need of true moral values. Our churches are little more than guilt and phobia-creating centers with their arbitrary and mostly detrimental concepts of right and wrong. You cannot blame the average person for their lack of interest in the church. But where does the average person turn instead? To the authority of the media, or the universities, or the profession, or the government, or perhaps some New-Age cult; out of the frying pan and into the fire. Our secular institutions have only a self-perpetuating need that breeds a negative type of morality; a morality that says "look out for number one", a morality in which the abstract institution becomes more important than the real people who are the institution. In this climate, human life is little more than a dispensable tool for heartless institutions. Yes, our society has morals, but they are the morals of the spiritually ignorant.
In occultism, morality is of the greatest import. The vast bulk of occult teachings are in some respect or another related to the development in a positive and constructive manner of the initiate's character. The morality of occultism is not arbitrary, it is founded in logic and necessity. If one does not want to burn their hand, then one does not put it in the fire. Occultism teaches that it is the same with psychological events. If one wants to understand truth, then one must learn to tell the truth; one must develop the necessary discrimination to tell what is truth. In occultism, morality is taught to be psychological hygiene. Just as we are taught to keep ourselves and our food clean so as to stay physically healthy, occultism teaches that we must keep our minds and emotions clean and not feed ourselves unclean ideas and emotions, so as to keep ourselves mentally and emotionally healthy.
The purpose of occult teachings is ultimately the healthy and constructive integration of the soul's personality in physical life and the lives that come after death. Occultism is in theory a reaching out and participation in the vaster arena of Life of which Humankind is a part. It teaches of the processes of our minds and emotions with the understanding that these are tools that we as souls need to use to fulfill the destiny of the human cause, so it teaches how to use these tools correctly. Our souls are not human, but they assume human form and in doing so experience what could not be experienced otherwise, and as well contribute to the necessary process of human evolution.
In our culture, evolution is conceived of as primarily a physical process. But this view is so incomplete as to be completely wrong. Ultimately evolution is a spiritual and psychological event, using psychological in its broadest possible sense. The universe is breeding a level of conscious awareness and activity through the human species that, in our present form, we cannot even conceive of. Yet the essence of this process depends on the natural and healthy integration and expression of the soul within physical experience. This is the essence of the Hindu concept of "dharma", a word for which there is no counterpart in our culture. It is each soul's dharma to play a fundamental and important role in this universal process of spiritual evolution.
Because we only believe in that which we have very arbitrarily defined as physical, it is difficult for us to accept the idea that evolution is spiritual. We conceive of evolution as occurring in physical processes that span millions and billions of years. In the scope of these processes, each individual human--you and I--are only incidental little blips without much meaning or import. Thus, in the context of our actual lives day to day, we do not see ourselves as important and we do not treat each other as important, and we do not treat the Earth or other species as important. The feeling underlies our cultural beliefs that we are transient and that "you only live once", and so we seek in a frenzied sense of urgency to feel all we can, to do and see all we can, and to acquire all we can in this brief few years of physical life we have been granted for some reason that no one really knows. And what we think is our sense of self-importance is little more than a defensive front put up to protect an ego that is essentially insecure and hasn't the slightest idea of what it is doing or of what is going on here in physical life.
Our lives are essentially miserable; one circus side-show act after another. We build our expectations so high, only to be utterly let down when we find that what we have acquired is essentially empty and devoid. This is a feeling very commonly experienced in our society, yet we rarely admit to the experience. Instead we bend our faces in fake smiles and make up excuses and rationalizations. "Good answer, good answer" as is said on that popular game show. The trip to Hawaii, the new car, the pretty girl, the out-of-body experience, none of it is really what we thought it was going to be. So instead of trying to figure out what is really going on here, we move on to the next desire, the next expectation and the next purchase, and the cycle repeats again. This is what the Hindus call "Karma"; the useless repetition of an event until we learn to no longer do it. And this emptiness we feel as we live through all of our disappointing expectations is grounded in the fact that these things do not feed our souls. If our soul is not being fed in a healthy way, then we are empty and unhappy. We can lie to ourselves and tell ourselves that our new Porsche, our home in Burbank, the new cult we have just joined, the beliefs that we are fervently espousing are all we ever wanted, and that this is good, and that, at least we're doing better than the Jones's; but this is all mere superficial rationalization. This attitude and approach to life that I am describing is poison to our minds and emotions. It is unhealthy and unclean and all that comes from it is unhealthy and unclean. This attitude is a vast ugly set of thought-forms that has accumulated throughout the ages and that serves human existence no purpose except to trap souls in their own folly.
From an occult point of view this attitude and approach to life has very real and definite impacts on the occult physiology of the human being, and thus on the physiology of our physical body as well. The diseases in our society are primarily the result of our unhealthy minds and emotions. Cancer, heart-attacks, AIDS, stress, depression, and even degenerative psychological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease rest not in physical causes but in mental and emotional causes. It is the way we live our lives, the values by which we live our lives, the meanings that we give to life in general, and our life as humans that creates these diseases. These diseases are not simply physiological occurrences unrelated to our states of mind and emotions or the values and structure of our society. These diseases are caused by the way we live our lives, by the way we see and conceptualize our lives. Since these are very strong statements let me explain what I mean in some detail.
Occultism is the opposite of modern medical science in that occultism teaches a top-down kind of cause and effect between mind and body, whereas modern medicine takes the opposite view. Occultism teaches that, primarily speaking, the mind controls the body. Most occult practices in yoga deal with the control the mind can exert over the body; sitting in asaņas (postures) to still and control the body, learning to control one's heart-beat, walking on burning embers, being able to go without food and oxygen for weeks. These things are well documented1, even here in the West, and they are real. People can gain such control of their physical body by practicing the correct exercises.
Medicine teaches the opposite, that body controls the mind. Actually, it never directly says this because modern medicine has no clear means of understanding the relationship between mind and body. But in their ignorance, doctors prescribe drugs like Valium to calm the nerves, or lithium to ease the emotional swings of manic depressives.
Actually, both the occult and modern medical approaches are correct to some extent. And I think that a good doctor would not disagree that a healthy attitude and life style is important for a healthy body (notice I said "healthy" and not "sterile"). However, I do not think many doctors would point to our whole society and its values as the effective cause of most diseases in the affluent nations. They would have too much to lose.
But generally speaking, each takes an opposite stand on this matter. I think it is obvious when one looks into this issue that there is a definite feedback and mutual kind of sharing of control between mind and body, though I lean more on the occult side that ultimately the mind can exert a stronger control over the body, at least in the normal individual. If this wasn't the case then it would be impossible to quit smoking for example, or to force oneself to stay awake when the body is ready for sleep.
But the issue is much more subtle than such examples indicate. When we begin to talk about attitudes, social values, life styles and how these affect health and the behavior of the physical body, then we come into an arena of discussion where modern science and medicine are relatively impotent and we must turn to notions of occult physiology to clarify the issue. And in doing so we inherently show how occult morals are intimately grounded in a logical and necessity oriented framework. We begin to see just how our moral attitudes (actually all of our attitudes, for any attitude implies a moral posture) affect not only the health of our physical bodies, but the health of our personal relationships and society as a whole, and ultimately our happiness and security as human beings.
To understand the relationship between society, morals and physical health we must turn again to the notion of man's nonphysical bodies, the chakras and the use to which the kundalini energy is put.
Let us begin by considering the "ideal" case for a normal individual. Ideally, for a normal person of average perceptive ability, intelligence and emotional disposition, the Kundalini energy is distributed relatively equally throughout the chakra systems. Thus there is a healthy flow of vital life forces not only through the physical and etheric bodies, but through the astral and mental bodies as well. The three lower chakras are involved primarily with regulating the body's autonomic activities, so this individual would have a healthy functioning body. His sexual activity would not be hyper-active and he would not be ill often either. A decent flow of kundalini through the heart chakra would produce in an individual the ability to be conscious of his own emotions and those of others to a degree that would allow him to cope effectively in interpersonal relationships. As well, he would have a good sense of right and wrong, quite intuitively. A healthy flow of kundalini through the throat chakra would allow the individual to listen and hear effectively what others are saying to him, that is, he would possess an effective ability to communicate with others. The extent of his empathy with others would of course depend on the degree of coupling between the heart, throat and brain centers, which is assumed to be adequate in this case. The flow of kundalini into the head chakras, the third eye and crown chakras, of a normal individual would produce a bright and creative individual who could easily learn and apply information in problem solving tasks in all walks of life. As well, his dream life would be normal in that natural biopsychic functions would be carried out effectively. Such an individual as this would not display any abnormal psychic abilities but would possess them to a very minor degree if the need arose, though he would be unaware of this fact and use such gifts quite unconsciously and instinctively. All of his bodies, physical, etheric, astral, mental and buddhic would be capable of effective communication and resonance amongst themselves. Thus we would have a healthy, well-balanced and highly functional individual human being at both physical and nonphysical levels.
This is a description, in terms of occult anatomy, of the healthy flow of life energies in an individual at the present stage of human evolution2. However, this is very much an ideal case, and many external or internal forces and factors can impact on such an individual to cause deviations from the ideal pattern. Deviations can include 1. changes in the relative amount of kundalini energy to the various chakras, 2. changes in the coupling or interaction amongst the chakras within a given body or amongst the chakras of the various bodies, and 3. changes in the couplings amongst the various bodies themselves. Internal factors that could cause such deviations would be: 1. genetic programming deficiencies in the physical body, or 2. the equivalent thereof in any of the other bodies3. External factors that would create deviations from the ideal type include: 1. social patterns (i.e. thought-forms), 2. unhealthy physical, emotional, mental and spiritual environments, and 3. bad attitudes on the part of the individual, that is, unhealthy reactions to circumstances, adverse or otherwise.
Thus, with this description in mind let us look specifically to our society (i.e. the thought-forms that mold our minds and lives) and the types of individuals it produces, attempt to ascertain what the typical occult anatomy would be for the average individual, and see if this sheds some light on the disease states commonly found in our society.
In general, ours is a society of excess, and from an occult viewpoint this implies the over-stimulation of the lower chakras. The lower chakras have to do with sex and natural body functions. The over-stimulation of the lowest chakra (the muladhara chakra) produces hyper-sexual behavior, which is very common in our culture. The sexual allure and glamor of the marketplace and media attest to this fact. And even if we as individuals do not react consciously to the hyper-sexuality of our society, that it exists to the degree it does creates a vast background noise in our subconscious (or on the astral and mental planes, if you like) that will affect our personalities and our lives anyway.
Our culture has blown human sexuality way beyond any reasonable proportion, primarily because of arbitrary attitudes as to what is and what is not proper sexual behavior. This is an extremely bad situation to be in because our sexual energy is the most primitive and strongest creative urge that our souls are subjected to in physical experience. Thus, through our cultural attitudes, we have created a "keep your hand out of the cookie-jar" mentality towards sex that has the effect of repressing our natural sexual desires. This in turn creates the opposite effect, instead of curbing sexual desires, we have enhanced them by associating an unnecessary mystique and allure with sexual behavior.
So sexuality is viewed out of its natural proportion in our culture, but we antagonize this effect with our cultural attitudes of what is right and wrong sexual behavior. The association of marriage and sexuality in a heterosexual context is only a valid approach for those who are naturally oriented in that direction. Obviously the implication here is that some souls have other sexual preferences that transcend contemporary cultural definitions. However, in most cases in contemporary society, pathological sexual behaviors result as an unconscious counter-response on the part of the pathological individual to unhealthy or unbalanced social values (see the Seth quotes on page 102 in this regard). If we could see the true underside of our desires with regard to sexuality, then it would be apparent that present social norms concerning sexuality are very unhealthy for individuals, even though these norms are a highly efficient means of maintaining the status quo. The bottom line is that, within our society, there are a million confused attitudes about sexuality; The guilt and insecurity of the homosexual, the warped and strange need of the child molester, the ugly smugness of the pornographer, the desperate need of the prostitute, the strange repressed urges of the school teacher, the murderous attitudes of fatal attractions.
From an occult point of view, these are the thought-forms that populate vast regions of the astral and mental planes. We may think we mask and hide these feelings in our day to day life, but they are as clear as day and right out in the open on the inner planes. And it is a sickening sight to behold because it is one vast heap of negative emotions and images, a terrible blend of confusion and desire. And even those people who do possess normal and healthy sexual behavior are trapped within this greater matrix of sexual confusion. In terms of our occult anatomy, the primary effect of this situation is that the vast bulk of an average individual's kundalini energy passes only through the muladhara chakra and thus, little gets to the higher functions.
The overall possessive and jealously competitive mentality of our culture is also a function of the lower chakras. This has to do with an over-stimulation of the chakras associated with digestion. The possessive and jealous attitude of our culture is a reflection of our physical body and its hunger. But it is a craving that is all out of proportion to any actual and healthy need. Naturally, we need to eat, but gluttony is an unhealthy state. Through our attitudes we amplify our body's tendencies, and it is through our attitudes that we have amplified our body's need to eat way beyond any reasonable proportion.
Not only do we crave, crave, crave, be it physical possessions or sensory stimulations, but we have no appreciation for the things we crave. Ours has become a fast-food society of disposable goods, raping the Earth's resources for transient and useless needs. It is not that craving is bad (actually, it is a very natural part of our psyche), it is when we do not appreciate what we have consumed that the problems begin.
Thus, from the occult standpoint, not only does most of our kundalini energy channel through the sex chakras, but the bulk of what is left is siphoned through the spleen and navel chakras.
This lack of proportion and over-stimulation of the lower chakras in our society is primarily due to our culture's spiritual ignorance. In other cultures, there were always taboos against this type of self-indulgent behavior, and these taboos served to check the flow of kundalini from the lower centers and make sure that it was distributed equitably throughout the chakra system.
But in our culture today, there are no more taboos, we are spiritually ignorant as well, and there are no true priests or initiates guiding our cultures, so all our kundalini goes into the lower functions of the chakras. The morality of the Christian church, to love thy neighbor and to turn the other cheek, the Ten Commandments, these were moral prescriptions that, if followed effectively, would help to ensure a healthier energy balance amongst the chakras than if not followed. But though we pay lip service to such ideas, the individual who tries to live by them is rare. Even if one wants to live up to such notions it is very difficult because no one else does, and so to live by such ideals, one sets himself up to get eaten up by the system, he is naive. These are the kinds of circumstances that result when a society is ignorant of occult realities and moral truths. The fear of God is not the fear of being spanked and scolded by the big boss in heaven, as the religious beliefs of our society seem to imply. It is the fear of upsetting Nature's balances and the destruction that we then bring upon ourselves.
Because of our beliefs, we put all our energy into the lower three chakras, therefore none goes to the higher functions. What this means, practically speaking, is that we sell ourselves short of our humanity. When all the energy is in the lower chakras it produces insensitive, crude human beings. If little energy goes to the heart center then we are equally low on the qualities of the heart chakra, compassion and sympathy. If we stifle our throat center then we lose the ability to listen and understand others. If we stifle the head centers, the third-eye and crown chakras, then we never come to see and understand what is going on around us, and we are then mostly confused or preoccupied by sensationalism and trivia (the reductionistic mentality of modern science is interesting in this regard). When all of our energy goes into the lower centers all becomes sex, food and possessions --crude and unrefined because these things are not seen in their true spiritual light. Our lives become the violence of the digestive system instead of the smooth rhythmicness of the heart or the infinite subtlety of the brain.
Through such imbalances caused by our spiritual ignorance we live out our physical lives in the late twentieth century. And these imbalances are reflected not only in our life styles but in our physical bodies as well. And we have to live with AIDS and cancer, heart attacks, and obesity, all symptoms of imbalances in the body. Cancer, when the body eats itself because the ego is confused; AIDS, when the body attacks itself because the ego is confused; obesity, when the body grows all out of proportion because the ego represses its energy and produces accumulation; heart attacks, because the ego is so wound up with anxiety that the heart explodes.
And because our culture does not promote a life style that feeds the higher centers, these get warped and distorted (or more precisely, polarized) by the lower centers that are taking most of the energy. So our heart and rationality become atrophied and confused. What we think is compassion is only a feeble charity that serves to pacify our latent guilt, a guilt about something we don't quite understand. What we call love is usually but a jealous possessiveness. And the qualities of the third eye and crown chakras, logic, rationality and discrimination as well become atrophied. What we call logic and rationality are little more than mere word games with no substance of any kind, and are, in actuality, only preoccupations with details that are meaningless when seen within the entire scope of our lives. And we produce knowledge and sciences that are slaves to our barbaric need to control and conquer. It is not that we are like animals, for as Charles Darwin pointed out, no animal is cruel and malicious, only humans are. Our primitiveness is not because of our animal instincts and passions as Freud thought. If we were open to our animal instincts we would be as graceful and beautiful and balanced as the animals are. No, we live an unbalanced life because we have unbalanced attitudes. The ugliness of human existence is a purely human creation; it is the product of human imbalance on all of the levels that define a human being.
Because of our social values, we are trapped in a cycle of negative feedback; since our hearts and minds are atrophied to begin with, our solutions and responses from these levels are mostly confused and inappropriate, and so we only bandage over the symptoms of our problems instead of seeking fundamental causes. Thus nothing is ever solved and the problems only compound. Situations that would have been easy to solve had we only looked at them right to begin with, grow all out of proportion until we are suffocated by them. Then we become stifled and cannot move, and this makes us become lazy. We become lazy intellectually, we become lazy emotionally. We are too used to the ready-made and disposable commodities of the fast-food market place and we exert no real and substantial effort. We think it is easier to fall into the grooves and let the chips fall where they may, but we don't seem to realize that we are making it much more difficult for ourselves than it needs to be. Life itself is effortless and graceful. Life is the blowing of the wind and the flowing of the water, the effortless peace of the forests and the fields or raging of storms and tornadoes. Nature itself is the ultimate example of healthy moral values.
The problem is that we are only ten thousand years out of the jungles. And the deep rooted species memory of being prey for other creatures still haunts us deep at the root of our present awareness. And we have stepped out of the physical jungle into the psychic jungle of our minds and emotions, which is an even more terrifying situation, because here we create our own bogey-men. We must come to learn and realize that we are no longer creatures of the jungle at any level. The image of "the jungle" itself is an image that exists only in our minds, it is an image that is a portrayal and projection of all that we fear inside ourselves. And we fear to look at ourselves for what we really are in the innermost depths of our being: We are conscious and creative human beings on the surface, but in our deeper fate we are the creations of Nature destined for Godhood.
We think that outer space is vast; uncountable light-years filled with a myriad of uncountable giant burning suns, tremendous and overwhelming super novas, the unfathomable depths of black holes. And as well we think that the physical time in which evolution has occurred is vast. In our physical life we are overwhelmed by the scales of space and time that we as a species have only so recently come to be aware of. We project into these images of space and time what is really ourselves. We are fooled by time and space for they are only mirrors in physical experience of the true cause. And the true cause is intention. Intention is the root of our subjectivity, the root of our being. And the millions of years we sense in the Earth and the uncountable light years we see in outer space are only a reflection of the vast and deep intention that is the foundation of our being.
We need morals now, morals that will reawaken the spirituality we know now in the vast depths of our unconsciousness. We need morals that will lead us to a conscious spirituality; a sense of wonder, a sense of belonging, a sense of unity, a sense of appreciation and respect, a sense of our vast creative potential on so, so many levels of reality, and most of all, a sense of friendliness to ourselves and that part of ourselves that is Nature. The best images of the best gods are only our desire to be the best we can be. If we could only stop projecting these images into myths and fantasies, and begin living out these images now and today, through healthy attitudes of joy and appreciation, then we could create human lives of such unbelievable beauty that we would not even recognize them as human.
Notes: Chapter 15
1See for example Taimini, (1967) and Wood, (1976).
2This qualifier, "at the present stage of human evolution", had to be added because it wasn't always like this with humans and it won't be like this forever. A big part of the occult concept of human evolution rests in understanding the energies involved in the occult anatomy of man. The whole pattern of man is in a flux and transforms substantially over periods of time (in physical terms) or, equivalently, over periods of intent (in nonphysical terms).
3In a sense there are genes for the etheric, astral, mental
and buddhic bodies, but this is a very complicated occult topic
on which not too much is really known. Leadbeater for example
speaks of "permanent atoms" in his writings. But it is
unclear to me how such notions fit into the things I am writing
about in this book. Thus, I only include the idea here for
completeness' sake. For more details see Leadbeater, (1987).
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