by
As soon as the thirteen colonies won independence
from the
British empire, the United States began its own march toward
empire. In 1808, President Thomas Jefferson tried to buy Cuba from
Spain. A year later, he wrote to his successor, James Madison,
that with the addition of Cuba and Canada "we should have such an
empire for liberty as she has never surveyed since the creation."
By 1823, having acquired Florida from Spain a few years
earlier, the United States had expanded to within 90 miles of Cuba.
Spain was a dying empire. The United States was on the rise.
Secretary of State (later president) John Quincy Adams described
the likelihood of "annexation" within half a century in a statement
that remains the quintessence of U.S. policy:
"But there are laws of political as well as of physical
gravitation; and if an apple severed by the tempest from its
native tree cannot choose but fall to the ground, Cuba,
forcibly disjoined from its own unnatural connection with
Spain, and incapable of self support, can gravitate only
towards the North American Union, which by the same law of
nature cannot cast her off from its bosom."
Cubans call this policy "la fruta madura" (the ripe fruit).
In 1898, Cubans, waging their Second War of Independence, were
close to driving out the colonists from Spain. The U.S. government
decided the fruit was ripe. Congress declared war against Spain,
ostensibly to help free Cuba. In U.S. history, this is known as
the Spanish-American War; the United States emerged with four new
ports--the Philippines and Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico and
Cuba in the Atlantic.
But Cuban history calls it the U.S. Intervention in Cuba's War
of Independence. U.S. troops occupied Cuba for four years. In
exchange for removal of the occupation army, Cuba attached the
Platt Amendment, a U.S. law, to their Constitution, granting
control of Cuba to the U.S. government. Cuba converted from a
colony of Spain to a neocolony of the United States.
Among its dictates, the Platt Amendment provided that the
United States could intervene militarily at any time and could
maintain ports on the island. This amendment was abrogated in 1934
except for the U.S. naval station at Guant namo, which remains.
U.S.-approved elections led to U.S.-approved repression. U.S.
troops occupied Cuba again from 1906 until 1909 and periodically
sent troops to help quell rebellion. In 1940 the Cuban people
created a new Constitution, along with hopes for a peaceful
transition to democracy.
BATISTA DICTATORSHIP AND REVOLUTION
In 1952, a young lawyer was running for Congress when General
Fulgencio Batista returned from Florida to stage a coup financed
and supported by the U.S. government. Batista suspended the
Constitution and canceled elections. That young man, Fidel Castro,
was not allowed to win or lose an election. The Helms-Burton Act,
signed into law by President Clinton in 1996, specifies that
neither Fidel Castro nor Raul Castro will be allowed to run in a
"free election" that would be certified by Washington. So it's
easy to comprehend why U.S. talk of "free elections" sounds hollow
to Cuban ears. Besides, the United States does not have a record
of supporting elections won by somebody not stamped with approval
in Washington; note Guatemala in 1954 and Chile in 1973.
Under Batista, about 85 percent of Cuba's trade was with the
United States. Foreigners, mainly from the United States, owned 75
percent of arable land; 90 percent of services like water,
electricity, phones; and 40 percent of the sugar industry. Super
exploitation and Batista's dictatorship incited the revolution, led
by Fidel Castro, that finally triumphed on January 1, 1959.
The new government began to establish a program of basic human
rights: free health care, free education through the university
level, full employment, no landlords for profits, trade on the
basis of full equality, internationalism, and an affirmation of
Cuba's African heritage. (By 1840 in Cuba, descendants of Africans
outnumbered descendants of Europeans.)
In health care, Cuba is recognized as a model. In 1988 the
World Health Organization (WHO) set goals for the year 2000 for
Third World countries. President Castro was then awarded WHO's
Health for All medal because Cuba had already met those standards.
Cuba's most recent infant mortality rate (for the year 2000) was
7.2 deaths for every 1,000 live births, a rate comparable to those
of industrialized countries and, in fact, less than half the
mortality rate in Washington, D.C.
Cuba is also recognized as a model in education. The Literacy
Campaign of 1961 virtually erased illiteracy. Cuba grants
scholarships to thousands of foreign students and has even set up a
medical school where foreign students, including U.S. students, are
studying to become medical doctors who will serve in deprived areas
of their own countries.
Perhaps Cuba's most outstanding international achievement was
in southern Africa, where Cuban troops led the defeat of South
African troops in Angola, leading to the end of the apartheid
government in South Africa, the freeing of Nelson Mandela, and the
independence of Namibia.
COUNTERREVOLUTION
But as Cuba began its revolutionary government in 1959, the
U.S. government initiated a campaign to overthrow the Cuban
government. Declassified documents show that CIA Director Allen
Dulles thought in November 1959 that Fidel Castro would be out of
power in about eight months. At the same time, he told the British
ambassador that, in the words of the ambassador, "he hoped that any
refusal by us to supply arms would directly lead to a Soviet-bloc
offer to supply. Then he might be able to do something." The U.S.
government was deliberately driving Cuba to receive aid from the
Soviet Union and its allies.
In December 1959, Dulles recommended to Col. J.C. King, chief
of the CIA's Western Hemisphere division, that several actions be
undertaken against Cuba. All those acts are continuing now in one
form or another. Some operations that were "covert" then are overt
now. "Clandestine radio attacks" are now open broadcasts from
Radio and TV Marti. The "encouragement of pro-U.S. opposition
groups" is now legalized by the Torricelli Act of 1992 and the
Helms-Burton Act of 1996 (with the Helms-Lieberman bill of 2001
upping the ante if it becomes law).
"Thorough consideration," wrote Dulles in December 1959,
should "be given to the elimination of Fidel Castro." In August
1960 the Eisenhower Administration recruited figures from organized
crime to assassinate Fidel Castro and other Cuban leaders. Cuban
Americans trained then by the CIA continue that campaign.
Declassified documents now prove the obvious: the Cuban
people themselves quickly became a target. A June 24, 1959, State
Department memo stated that if Cuba were deprived of its sugar
quota privilege in the U.S. sugar market, "the sugar industry would
promptly suffer an abrupt decline, causing widespread further
unemployment. The large numbers of people thus forced out of work
would begin to go hungry."
On April 6, 1960, a State Department document went even
further in the direction of genocide: "Every possible means should
be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba...to
bring about hunger, desperation and the overthrow of government."
President Eisenhower canceled the sugar quota on July 26, 1960.
PERMANENT STATE OF SIEGE
Desperate to be back in Cuba again, the Eisenhower
Administration trained for and the new Kennedy Administration
carried out the invasion at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, leading
to a major defeat for the United States. Another plan to overthrow
the government, Operation Mongoose, was launched in November 1961,
leading directly to the Missile Crisis of October 1962, the date
planned for the downfall of the Cuban government.
The order to end all trade with Cuba in February 1962 was part
of Operation Mongoose. The Soviet Union and its allies filled the
vacuum, assuming the 85 percent of Cuban trade that had been part
of U.S.-Cuban relations.
When the Cuban government did not fall, efforts to bring it
down turned into a state of siege that has continued to this day,
complete with infiltrations, armed attacks, sabotage,
assassinations, bombings, chemical and biological warfare, bribery,
constant disinformation, and a travel ban aimed at keeping U.S.
citizens from going to see for themselves.
In June 1976, when George W. Bush Sr. was CIA director, CORU
(Commanders of the United Revolutionary Organizations) was founded
in order to coordinate terrorist attacks by Cuban Americans. In
October, a Cuban passenger jet was blown up, killing all 73 people
aboard. Two CORU founders, CIA operatives Orlando Bosch and Luis
Posada, were arrested and spent several years in Venezuelan
captivity for that crime. Posada escaped in 1986 and has been
carrying out terrorism against Cuba ever since. He was arrested in
Panama City in November 2000 for a plot to set off plastic
explosives at the University of Panama where President Castro
planned to speak. Orlando Bosch was allowed to leave Venezuela and
granted permission to stay in the United States by the former CIA
director who had become President George Bush. Bosch continues to
live in Miami among people who call him a freedom fighter. Others
regard Bosch and Posada as two of the most notorious terrorists in
the world today.
In the late 1970s Cuban Americans in favor of improving
relations organized "El Dialogo," a dialogue between Cubans in the
United States and Cubans on the island. Immediately terrorism
escalated, including assassinations of leaders of El Dialogo in the
United States. Omega 7, another Cuban American terrorist group,
was not prosecuted for any of its murders until they made the
mistake of killing a Cuban diplomat in New York City in 1980, an
assassination that led after a few years to the arrests and
convictions of Omega 7 leader Eduardo Arocena and other Omega 7
members on charges that included multiple assassinations, bombings,
and drug trafficking.
In 1981, the Reagan Administration founded the Cuban American
National Foundation (CANF) as an arm of U.S. policy toward Cuba,
placing Jorge Mas Canosa in the leadership. CANF is the wealthiest
and most influential Cuban American group. Its main job for the
Reagan Administration was to lobby for anti-Cuban policy in
Congress. As a result, three influential Cuban Americans have been
elected to Congress--two Florida Republicans and a New Jersey
Democrat.
AFTER THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION
In 1991 the Soviet Union formally disbanded. Once again, 85
percent of Cuba's trade vanished. This time there was no bloc of
nations to fill the vacuum. For three decades Washington had
called Cuba part of the Soviet threat. When this could no longer
conceivably be true, Washington could have offered to cooperate
with Cuba in maintaining its health and education systems. Instead
the U.S. government escalated its state of siege.
CANF and its allies in Congress created the Torricelli Act,
shepherded through Congress by then-Representative Robert
Torricelli, a New Jersey Democrat who is now a senator.
Presidential candidate Bill Clinton promoted the bill and President
George Bush signed it into law in October 1992. Torricelli
proclaimed that Fidel Castro would fall within months. He
announced that he wanted "to wreak havoc on that island," figuring
to starve the Cuban people into submission so that they would rise
up and overthrow their government.
The Torricelli Act essentially restored the conditions of
sanctions that were established in the early 1960s. For instance,
ships that stopped in Cuba could not come to the United States for
six months thereafter. Perceiving the green light from Washington,
terrorists increased attacks. For example, Comandos L shelled a
tourist hotel and bragged about it on Miami television, declaring
war on tourists as tourism became Cuba's main means of survival.
Although the Cuban economy spiraled downward, it started
reviving by 1994. In response, the Helms-Burton law of 1996
expanded sanctions. Section 109 mandates financial support for
"dissidents." Its extraterritorial segments, Title III and Title
IV, have led to resistance by U.S. allies who trade with Cuba.
Again a green light led to runaway terrorism. Luis Posada
became so brazen that he told investigative reporters that Jorge
Mas Canosa and other CANF leaders helped finance his bombing
campaign in Cuba in 1997, killing an Italian tourist.
With Cuba no longer tied to a non-existent Soviet Union,
opposition to U.S. sanctions has increased in the United States and
around the world. Pastors for Peace has led a dozen Friendshipment
Caravans to Cuba since 1992, defying both travel and trade bans by
refusing to ask permission to travel while delivering humanitarian
supplies to Cuba. The UN General Assembly has voted overwhelmingly
each year, starting in 1992, for an end to U.S. trade sanctions.
The vote in the year 2000 was 167 to 3 (Israel, the Marshall
Islands, and the United States).
But despite growing support for ending trade sanctions and
improving relations with Cuba, U.S. policy continues to be based on
a vision of Cuba as an obstacle to U.S. global hegemony.
Consequently, neither Cuba nor the United States has been able to
see what kind of society the Cuban people might create if allowed
to develop independently without being under siege from a
superpower only 90 miles distant.
[Originally published in Resist, July/August 2001]
© 2001 by Jane Franklin